CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES
Rubin's (1987)
Communication Strategies
clarifying what the speaker intended
focus on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning
across
Learning Strategies
Metacognitive Learning Strategies
planning
prioritising
setting goals
self-management
Cognitive Learning Strategies
Clarification / Verification
Guessing / Inductive Inferencing
Deductive Reasoning
Practice
Memorization
Monitoring
activities that afford
learners the opportunities to
be exposed to and practise
their knowledge
O'Malley's (1985)
Socioaffective
Strategies
related with
social-
mediating
activity and
transacting
with others.
Cognitive
Strategies
specific learning tasks
that involve more direct
manipulation of the
learning material itself
Meta-cognitive
Strategies
-to express
executive function
-strategies which require
planning for learning
-thinking about the
learning process as it is
taking place
-monitoring of one's
production or comprehension
-evaluating learning after an
activity is completed.
Oxford's (1990)
DIRECT STRATEGIES
Compensation strategies
-Guessing intelligently
-Overcoming limitations
in speaking and writing
Cognitive
-Practising
-Receiving and sending
messages strategies
-Analysing and reasoning
-Creating structure for
input and output
Memory
-Creating mental linkages
-Applying images and sounds
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-Reviewing well
-Employing action
INDIRECT STRATEGIES
Social Strategies
Cooperating with others
Emphathising with others
Asking questions
Affective Strategies
Taking your emotional temperature
Lowering your anxiety
Encouraging yourself
Metacognitive Strategies
Evaluating your learning
Arranging and planning your learning
A. Centering your learning
