Macro Nutrients

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Macro Nutrients

Nucleic Acids

Monomer:

• nucleotides

Linkage:

• phosphodiester bond

Function:

• holds heredity/genetic information
• involved in making proteins
• cofactors in reactions
• internal cell signaling
• energy carrier
• deals with small packages of energy for cells called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Properties

• polymer forms of nucleic acids can make 3D structures as a result of intermolecular forces of attraction

Nucleotide

• the building block of nucleic acids

Consists of:

• a 5-carbon sugar
• nitrogenous base
• one to three phosphate groups

Nitrogenous Base

Complementary

• making complete, as in two nitrogenous bases complete a base pair

Pyrimidines

• a nitrogenous bas composed of one 6-atom ring

Purines

• a nitrogenous base composed of two fused rings, one 6-atoms and the other 5-atom

ATP

• perform certain functions for the cell
• ATP is made of the purine adenine
• made of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

5-Carbon Sugar

Ribose

• used to make polymers of ribonucleotides
• also called RNA which stands for Ribonucleic Acid
• used to make monomers like ATP

Deoxyribose

• used to make polymers of deoxyribonucleotides
• also called DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Phosphate Functional Groups

Proteins

Functions

• Good for muscle build up
• works on immune system and acts as enzymes
• enzymes are made of proteins so proteins are important for the body

Monomer

• Amino Acids

Linkage

• peptide bond

Amino Acids (20)

• proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids in almost all living things

Non-essential Amino Acids (11)

• humans can make these essential amino acids in our cells
• not essential that we eat them

Ex. Serine

Ex. Glycine

Essential Amino Acids (9)

• amino acids we can't make on our own
• it is essential that we eat them in our diet

Ex. Threonine

Ex. Leucine

Peptide

• a single amino acid

Peptide Bond

-two amino acids linked together

-also called Dipeptide

Polypeptide

• a chain of amino acids linked together
• this structure is also called primary structure

Secondary Structures

• a primary structure folded in different ways
• small folded shapes within a protein caused by hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same polypeptide

Tertiary Structure

• a 3D structure
• Larger folded shape of the protein
• it's caused by different intermolecular forces of attraction between side chains of amino acids in the same polypeptide
• for many proteins, the tertiary structure gives the protein the shape needed for it to function

Quaternary Structure

• when multiple polypeptide subunits come together to form a larger protein

Lipids

Monomer

• fatty acids
• glycerol

Linkage

• dehydration synthesis

Function

• great source of long term energy storage
• great insulation
• make up cell membranes
• can be bad for you in excess

Waxes

• non-polar
• found in protective coating on some leaves for example
• produced in ears to protect the eardrum

Non-polar

• repels water

ex. beewax

Steroids

• are composed of four fused rings of carbon to which different functional groups are attached
• present in plasma membranes where it stabilizes the membrane

Cholesterol

• serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other steroids such as testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D and cortisone

ex. Vitamin D

Phospholipids

• makes up the major component of plasma membranes of a cell
• similar to triglycerides, however, rather than a third fatty acid, a phosphate group is attached to the third carbon of glycerol

Hydrophobic Tail

• the hydrophobic tails crowd inward away from water

Fatty Acid

Hydrophilic Head

• they tend to arrange themselves so that the hydrophilic head interacts with the watery environment of water

Phosphate Group

• it is a small part of a phospholipid

Triglycerids

• include fats and oils
• to become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule through the process of dehydration synthesis

Glycerol

• a component of a triglyceride
• to become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule

Fatty Acids

Has 3 main parts

• Acid Groups (left)
• Hydrocarbon Chain (middle, chain of carbons)
• Methyl Group (right)

• it is a small part of a triglyceride

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• have one to several double bonds
• double bonds result in kinks in the fatty acid chain which affects the melting point of the fat
• liquid at room temperature

ex. trans-fat

Saturated Fatty Acid

• a fatty acid that has only single carbon to carbon bonds
• solid at room temperature

ex. animal fat (meat)

Carbohydrates

Monomer

• monosaccharides, also referred as a simple sugar (make up carbohydrates)

Linkage

• Monosaccharides

Functions

• major source of energy
• important for structure

Polysaccharides

ex. hetero-polysaccharides

ex. homo-polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Structure

ex. maltorios

Disaccharides

• made of two monosaccharides

ex. sucrose

ex. lactose

ex. maltose

Monosaccharides

• smallest unit that makes up any carbohydrate (building blocks)
• also referred as a simple sugar

ex. Beta Glucose

ex. Alpha Glucose