Macro Nutrients

Honelako gehiago

Macromolecules Concept Map

by Laura McGuire

The Use of Statins in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk

by Kate Jones

Lipids

by Jenna Battle

Macromolecules

by Shams Al Molhem

Macro Nutrients

Nucleic Acids

Monomer:

• nucleotides

Linkage:

• phosphodiester bond

Function:

• holds heredity/genetic information
• involved in making proteins
• cofactors in reactions
• internal cell signaling
• energy carrier
• deals with small packages of energy for cells called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Properties

• polymer forms of nucleic acids can make 3D structures as a result of intermolecular forces of attraction

Nucleotide

• the building block of nucleic acids

Consists of:

• a 5-carbon sugar
• nitrogenous base
• one to three phosphate groups

Nitrogenous Base

Complementary

• making complete, as in two nitrogenous bases complete a base pair

Pyrimidines

• a nitrogenous bas composed of one 6-atom ring

Purines

• a nitrogenous base composed of two fused rings, one 6-atoms and the other 5-atom

ATP

• perform certain functions for the cell
• ATP is made of the purine adenine
• made of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

5-Carbon Sugar

Ribose

• used to make polymers of ribonucleotides
• also called RNA which stands for Ribonucleic Acid
• used to make monomers like ATP

Deoxyribose

• used to make polymers of deoxyribonucleotides
• also called DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Phosphate Functional Groups

Proteins

Functions

• Good for muscle build up
• works on immune system and acts as enzymes
• enzymes are made of proteins so proteins are important for the body

Monomer

• Amino Acids

Linkage

• peptide bond

Amino Acids (20)

• proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids in almost all living things

Non-essential Amino Acids (11)

• humans can make these essential amino acids in our cells
• not essential that we eat them

Ex. Serine

Ex. Glycine

Essential Amino Acids (9)

• amino acids we can't make on our own
• it is essential that we eat them in our diet

Ex. Threonine

Ex. Leucine

Peptide

• a single amino acid

Peptide Bond

-two amino acids linked together

-also called Dipeptide

Polypeptide

• a chain of amino acids linked together
• this structure is also called primary structure

Secondary Structures

• a primary structure folded in different ways
• small folded shapes within a protein caused by hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same polypeptide

Tertiary Structure

• a 3D structure
• Larger folded shape of the protein
• it's caused by different intermolecular forces of attraction between side chains of amino acids in the same polypeptide
• for many proteins, the tertiary structure gives the protein the shape needed for it to function

Quaternary Structure

• when multiple polypeptide subunits come together to form a larger protein

Lipids

Monomer

• fatty acids
• glycerol

Linkage

• dehydration synthesis

Function

• great source of long term energy storage
• great insulation
• make up cell membranes
• can be bad for you in excess

Waxes

• non-polar
• found in protective coating on some leaves for example
• produced in ears to protect the eardrum

Non-polar

• repels water

ex. beewax

Steroids

• are composed of four fused rings of carbon to which different functional groups are attached
• present in plasma membranes where it stabilizes the membrane

Cholesterol

• serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other steroids such as testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D and cortisone

ex. Vitamin D

Phospholipids

• makes up the major component of plasma membranes of a cell
• similar to triglycerides, however, rather than a third fatty acid, a phosphate group is attached to the third carbon of glycerol

Hydrophobic Tail

• the hydrophobic tails crowd inward away from water

Fatty Acid

Hydrophilic Head

• they tend to arrange themselves so that the hydrophilic head interacts with the watery environment of water

Phosphate Group

• it is a small part of a phospholipid

Triglycerids

• include fats and oils
• to become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule through the process of dehydration synthesis

Glycerol

• a component of a triglyceride
• to become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule

Fatty Acids

Has 3 main parts

• Acid Groups (left)
• Hydrocarbon Chain (middle, chain of carbons)
• Methyl Group (right)

• it is a small part of a triglyceride

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• have one to several double bonds
• double bonds result in kinks in the fatty acid chain which affects the melting point of the fat
• liquid at room temperature

ex. trans-fat

Saturated Fatty Acid

• a fatty acid that has only single carbon to carbon bonds
• solid at room temperature

ex. animal fat (meat)

Carbohydrates

Monomer

• monosaccharides, also referred as a simple sugar (make up carbohydrates)

Linkage

• Monosaccharides

Functions

• major source of energy
• important for structure

Polysaccharides

ex. hetero-polysaccharides

ex. homo-polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Structure

ex. maltorios

Disaccharides

• made of two monosaccharides

ex. sucrose

ex. lactose

ex. maltose

Monosaccharides

• smallest unit that makes up any carbohydrate (building blocks)
• also referred as a simple sugar

ex. Beta Glucose

ex. Alpha Glucose