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Biology 311C

Unit 3

Cell Membrane

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Action Potential

Resting State

Depolarization Na+ gate opens

Rising phase More Na+ gates open

Falling phase K+ gates open Na+ gates close

Undershoot Cell slightly more negative than resting state

Permeability

Facilitated Diffusion

Carrier Proteins

Channel Proteins

Large and/or Polar molecules

Osmosis

Tonicity

Hypertonic More solute

Isotonic Same cencentration of solute

Hypotonic Less solute

Simple Diffusion

Small, nonpolar molecules

Active

Ion Pumps Pump out K+ and Na+

Proton Pumps Pump out H+

Requires Energy (ATP)

Molecules going against or up concentration gradient

Components

Cholesterol

Maintains Fluidity

Types

Peripheral

Integral

Functions

Cytoskeleton and ECM attachment

Intercellular Joining

Cell-Cell Recognition

Signal Transduction

Enzymes

Phospholipids

More Saturated Lipids - Viscous

More Unsaturated Lipids - Fluid

Energy

Energy Flow

Matter cycles within ecosystem

Energy Flows through ecosystems; energy lost through heat

ATP

Energy Coupling

Endergonic + Exergonic; DG<0

Work Done by ATP

Mechanical

Transport

Chemical

Thermodynamics

Free Energy

DG = DH-TDS

DG>0 - nonspontaneous

DG=0 - equilibrium

DG<0 - spontaneous

Forms of Energy

2nd Law

1st Law

Metabolism

Anabolism

Catabolism

Unit 2

Gene Expression

RNA Processing

Spliceosomes

Exons (Kept)

Introns (Removed)

Translation

Peptide Bonds

Subtopic

tRNA

Anticodons

Codons

mRNA

Release Factors

Elongation Factors

Initiation Factors

Peptidyl transferase

Amino acyl tRNA synthetase

Amino acids

Ribosomes

Transcription

Eukaryotes

5' cap

Poly-A tail

RNA Polymerases I,II, & III

Prokaryotes

RNA Polymerase

Stages

Termination

Elongation

Initiation

Terminator

Template Strand

Transcription Start Site (+1)

Promoter

DNA Replication

Process

Proteins

DNA Ligase

DNA Polymerase II

DNA Polymerase III

Primase

Topoisomerase

SSB

Helicase

Parts

Replication Forks

Lagging Strands

Okazaki Fragments

Leading Strands

Origin of Replication (ORI)

Chargaff's Rule

Experiments

Hershey and Chase

32P-Labeled DNA in pellet

35S-Labeled Protein

Messleson and Stahl

Dispersive

Conservative

Semiconservative (Proven)

Griffith and Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

With Heated S + R - Mouse Dies

With Heated S - Mouse Lives

With R - Mouse Lives

With S - Mouse Dies

Unit 1

Organic Compounds

Functional Groups

Methyl (-CH3)

Phosphate ((-PO4)^3-)

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Amino (-NH3)

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Carbonyl (-C=O)

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Carbon skeletons

Rings

Double Bonds

Branching

Length

Isomers

Enantiomers

Geometric

Structural

Bonds

Intermolecular

Van der Waals

Hydrophobic

Ion-Dipole

Dipole-Dipole

Hydrogen Bond

Intramolecular

Ionic

Covalent

Polar

Nonpolar