Eukarya Domain

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Plants

Vascular

Roots

- anchoring the plant to the ground - extracting water and minerals from the soil - some also store food energy (as starch) - 3 main types of root are tap root, fibrous root, and adventitious

Stem

- supporting leaves and flowers - holding the leaves and flowers in the best position for food gathering and reproduction - using xylem and phloem to transport materials from areas of plenty to areas of need in various parts of the plant - storing nutrients for future use

Leaf

- maximizing surface area for photosynthesis - controlling the intake and release of gases (opening called “stoma” which are surrounded by 2 guard cells)

Stomata on Leaf Epidermis 100x

- Classified by seed or seedless plants - 3 main structures: roots, stem, leaf - 2 vascular tissue are xylem (carry water and minerals) and phloem (carry glucose)

Fern Leaflet (Seedless plant) 100X

Elodea W.M (Seed Bearing) 400X

2 types of seed bearing plants: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Angiosperm (Flowering)

Angiosperms are produce protected seeds using flowers as are their sexual reproductive organs Eg Tulips

- pollen is spread from the anther to the stigma of another plant (cross pollination) or the same plant (self pollination) by bees, insects, wind, etc.- a pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary - a sperm travels down the tube to fertilize one egg resulting in the development of a seed

Dicot

Two cotyledon (2 Seed Leaves) Leaves of 4 or 5 petals Network veins Vascular bundles in rings

Dicot stem 100x

Dicot root 100x

Dicot leaf 400x

Monocot

One cotyledon (1 Seed Leaf) Leaves of 3 petals Parallel veins Scattered vascular bundles

Monocot Stem 40x

Monocot root 100x

Monocot leaf 400x

Gymnosperm (Cone bearing)

Gymnosperms are plants that produce naked seeds (mostly cone bearing plants) using their sexual reproductive organs. Eg. Pine trees

Pollination

- The pollen from the male cones are carried by the wind to the female cones to make seeds in a process - The seeds are protected by a structure like a maple key and fall to the ground to germinate and grow into new trees.

Pollen 100x

Non Vascular (Bryophytes)

- Eg. Mosses - Do not have vascular tissues, roots, stems, or leaves - Depend on diffusion and osmosis for transport - Have rhizoids

Characteristics of PLANTS - Autotrophs - Not motile - Primary food source is starch - Produce sexually or asexually (by fragmentation) - Seeds are plant embryos

Fungi

5 Phyla of Fungi Reproduction

Club Fungi

Basidiomycota– have short lived fruiting bodies E.g. mushrooms in the grass

Coprinus 100x

Sac Fungi

Ascomycota – largest group, develop finger-like sacs, include yeasts

Zygospores

Zygomycota– usually multicellular, terrestrial Eg. rhizopus (bread mould)

Rhizopus Sporangia 40x

Rhizopus Mycelium 100x

Chytrids

Chytridiomycota – mostly unicellular , aquatic, spores have flagella E.g. Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart)

Fungi Imperfecti

Deuteromycota - diverse but no sexual structures E.g. Trichophyton rubrum (causes Athlete’s foot)

Nutrients Parasitic Predatory Mutualistic Saprobial

Characteristics of FUNGI - Unicellular or multicellular - Heterotrophs - Have chitin cell walls - Reproduce sexually or asexually - Classified by reproduction

Structure Hyphae: thread-like structure that makes up the base Mycelium: Complex net like mass made of branching hyphae Fruiting body: Spores producing reproductive structure

Hyphae of Mushroom 100x

Cap of Mushroom 400x

Spores/Gills of Mushroom 400x

Animals

Phylums of Animalia

Phylum Chordata

- Eg. Humans - All chordates have had a notochord in one stage in their life - are deuterostomes - are bilaterally symmetric - have a fluid-filled body cavity

Subphylum Vertebrata

- Chordates with the notochord replaced by a vertebral column during development

Classes of Vertebrata

Class Mammalia

- Eg. Dogs - Have hair - Specialized Teeth - Endothermic (warm-blooded) - Have mammary Glands - Have placenta (most) - Diaphragm - Give birth to live young except monotremes and marsupials

Class Aves

- Eg. Falcons - Have backbones - Have feathers - Endothermic - Hollow bones

Class Reptilia

- Eg. Snakes - First class of organisms to adapt to life on land - Cannot regulate own body temperature - Powerful jaw

Class Amphibia

- Eg. Frogs - Live part of their lives in the water and part of their lives on the land - 4 legged

Class Chondrichthyes

- Eg. Sharks - Flexible skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone - One or two dorsal fins

Class Osteichthyes

- Eg. Eels - Jawed fish - Specific organs for respiration, excretion and blood circulation. - Have a swim bladder (gas filled sac)

Class Agnatha

- Eg. Lampreys - Jawless fish - Earliest vertebrates - Most agnathans have a skeleton made of cartilage - Fertilization of eggs takes place outside the body.

Subphylum Tunicata

- Sea squirts, larvaceans both of which are soft-bodied filter-feeders - Sessile - Salps float in water and feeds on plankton

Subphylum Cephalochordata

- Lancets (Amphioxus) - Small, "vaguely fish-shaped" animals that lack brains, clearly defined heads and specialized sense organs

Phylum Arthropoda

- Eg. Spiders - insects and crustaceans - Invertebrates with exoskeletons (made of chitin) - Hemolymph - All terrestrial species use internal fertilization - Aquatic can use internal or external

Phylum Mollusca

- Eg. Squid - Body cavity is a hemocoel (open circulatory system) - Most molluscs have muscular mouths with radulae - Most perform external fertilization - Hermaphrodite molluscs use internal fertilization

Phylum Annelida

- Eg. Leeches - Segmented worms - Closed circulatory system (blood is contained in tubes) - Eat microscopic critters in the soil - Sexually and asexually

Phylum Nematoda

- Eg. Tapeworms - Have true digestive system open at both ends (mouth and anus) - Round body - Parasites - Sexually and asexually

Phylum Platyhelminthes

- Eg. Flatworms - Invertebrates - Bilateral symmetry - Flattened body - Can be scavengers or parasites - Sexually and asexually

Planarian W.M 100x

Planarian C.S 400x

Phylum Echinodermata

- Eg. Starfish, sea urchins - Have radial symmetry, - Most are able to reproduce asexually and regenerate tissue, organs, and limbs.

Phylum Cnidaria

- Eg. Jellyfish Have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration Classified into 4 groups - Sessile Anthozoa - Swimming Scyphozoa - Cubozoa - Hydrozoa

Hydra 40x

Phylum Porifera

- Sponges - Asymmetric - No tissues/organs - Filter feeders

Characteristics of ANIMALS - Multicellular - Their cells do not have cell walls - Heterotrophs - Usually mobile in at least one stage of life - Reproduce sexually and produce an embryo

Classification - Presence of backbone Vertebrates have a backbone and invertebrates do not have a backbone. - Levels of organization Varying levels of structure and complexity in systems (circulatory, respiratory, etc.)- Symmetry - Body layers All animals except sponges have 3 body layers. Ectoderm (outer layer) mesoderm (middle layer) , and endoderm (inner layer) - Body cavity Coelom is a fluid filled body cavity that contains organ systems Coelomates have a coelom and acoelomates do not have a coelom - Symmetry Animals are either non symmetrical, have radial symmetry (body parts repeat around one axis point) or have bilateral symmetry (body has a mirror image, two equal halves) Segmentation Division of body into repetitive sections or segments - Movement Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = stationary - Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually. Gametes formed through meiosis. Asexual reproduction methods are fragmentation and budding.

Protists

Protists are grouped together in this kingdom because they are not a fungus, plant or animal. (miscellaneous group) Protists move by using pseudopods (false feet), ciliates (hair), flagella (tail).

Fungus Like

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Cellular slime mould

- Filamentous - Some parasitic (extend threads into host tissues and absorb nutrients)

Phylum Oomycota

Water Mould

- Pseudoplasmodium forms when food is scarce - Ingests bacteria or yeast

Plant like

Unicellular

Phylum Euglenozoa

Euglena 400x

- Autotrophs in sunlight - Heterotrophs in the dark - Has an eyespot to detect light

Multicellular

Algae

Spirogyra 40x

- Found in freshwater environments - Spiral chloroplasts

Animal like

Phylum Cercozoa

Amoeba Proteus 400x

- Uses pseudopods to move - Lives in decaying vegetation in fresh or saltwater or in animals - Eats bacteria, metazoa, protozoa, plant cells

Phylum Ciliophora

Paramecium 400x

- Uses ciliates to move - Lives in aquatic environments - Feed on microorganisms like yeast, bacteria, and algae