Explicit Instruction

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Explicit Instruction

Foundations of Explicit Instruction Ch 1 Archer & Hughes (2011)

Explicit Instruction Exemplar

Lesson Components displayed on poster in classroom (Mr. Davidson)

Complete 5 items as daily warm-up activity

Review any additional pre-requisites for skill/ strategy to be taught

Establish the goal and relevance of today's lesson

Model new skill/strategy

Provide guided practice with new skill/strategy

Introduce independent practice with the skill/strategy

Provide small-group instruction to struggling students as needed

Review the focus skill at the end of the period and assign homework

Supporting Research

A structured, explicit, scaffolded approach to instruction has a positive impact on student achievement

Brophy & Good, 1986

Gage & Needles, 1989

Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986

Swanson & Hoskyn, 1998

Swanson, 1999, 2001

Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003

Vaughn, Gersten & Chard, 2000

6 Principles

Optimize engagement

Promote high levels of success

Increase content coverage

Spend more time learning in instructional grouping (teacher-led skill-level groups > seatwork)

Scaffold instruction

Address different forms of Knowledge

Conditional (when/when not)

Procedural (how)

Declarative (what)

6 Teaching Functions

Review

Presentation

Guided Practice

Corrections & Feedback

Independent Practice

Weekly and Monthly reviews

16 Elements

Guided and supported practice of skill by students

Require frequent responses (oral, written, action)

Monitor student performance closely

Provide immediate affirmative and corrective feedback

Maintain brisk pace of lesson

Help students organize knowledge

Provide distributed (multiple opportunities over time) and cumulative (previous and new skill) practice

Focus on critical content based on student needs

Sequence skills logically

Complex skills are broken into smaller units

Organized and focused lesson

State lesson goal and why it is important

Begin with review of prior information (necessary for lesson)

Step-by-step demonstration (model of the skill)

Clear and concise language (dependent on student's receptive vocabulary)

Adequate range of examples and non-examples

Explicit Instruction - An Essential Tool for the Science of Reading Vaughn & Fletcher (2021)

5 Critical Elements of Reading Instruction

Phonological/Phonemic Awareness

Phonics

Fluency

Vocabulary

Comprehension

Systematic Instruction

Organized

Scope and Sequence

Deliberate: Intentional - teacher-driven

Pacing and amount of practice varies based on student needs

5 Essential Components Explicit Instruction

Segmenting complex skills into manageable tasks

Using Modeling or Think-Alouds

Using prompts and fading supports to promote engagement

Providing feedback

Creating purposeful practice opportunities