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Massive offensive by Allies to gain a foothold in mainland Europe These landings were the beginning of the end of the war in Europe. Largest assault landing ever undertaken. Allied involvement: 180 000 men, 5000 ships 8000 aircraft, 3200 landing crafts, 3000 heavy guns and 1500 tank Plan: Massive aerial and naval bombing, paratroopers drop behind enemy lines and then the landing of the troops.
Dawn June 6, 1944
Beaches of Normday, France
Allied assault landings and invasion onto mainland Europe.
Canada, Britain, US & others vs. Germany
Allied offensive into Southern Europe with important Canadian involvement Continued pressure on German defensive positions forcing them to give up territory Little resistance until German stand in Ortona Canadian forces `The Vandoos` distinguish themselves in battle
July 1943
Sicily and mainland Italy
Invasion of Italy
Canada & Britain vs. Germany & Italy
Diversionary attack used to draw Hitler’s attention back to the West away from the Soviets and also to get info for a larger attack (Normandy)Everything went wrong
Everything went wrong – 1. Bombers were delayed (soften German forces) 2. Ships delayed so troops ended up landing in the daylight 3. Troops were quickly pushed back
August 19th, 1942
France beaches of Dieppe
Diversionary attack on German fortifications (defenses) at Dieppe
Canada, Britain, U.S.A vs Germany
Hitler wanted Russia for land and resources Major victory that saved Russia – turning point of the war
Operation Barbarossa began in June 22, 1941 Germans advance into Stalingrad the summer of 1942
Eastern Front Majority of the battle was in Stalingrad
Germany stormed into Russia with the largest offensive in history Germans quickly make it to Moscow 1941 – Hitler launched an offensive on Moscow 1942 – Hitler attacked Stalingrad
Hitler vs Stalin
Japanese wanted to neutralize the American fleet in the Pacific Japan needed oil and supplies – planned to take over Asia Japan feared the Americans because of their presence in China
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii – Pacific Theatre
Surprise assault on the American Navy base and Army airfield Destroyed 6 aircraft carriers, 12 battle ships and nearly every plane on the ground 2403 Americans lost their lives
Japan vs America
Luftwaffe was to gain control of British air space and destroy the RAF Destroy aircraft production/intimidation for surrender Invention of the Dowding system: early warning detection – radar Canadian pilots were involved
July 10- October 31,1940
Began attacks on airfields near coast before moving inland to London
Operation Sea Lion Fought mostly in the air
Britain vs Germany
evacuation of 350 000 troops allowed allies to continue the war
Germany’s continued conquest of Europe Hitler ordered the attack to stop at Dunkirk – He thought Britain would surrender This allowed the allies to regroup and strengthen their defenses
May 26- June 4 1940
European Theater France
Subtopic
Allies northern/southern forces separated by German advance pushed back to Dunkirk (beach on the English Channel) eventually escape
Britain, France, Germany
Extermination
Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”
Concentration Camps
essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents) Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars. Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation
Segregation
Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding. Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death
Stripping of rights
stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses boycotted banned from German schools and universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden. Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”forced to wear the arm band of the. Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a special income tax
Numberg Law 1935
Prohibited marriages between Jews and German citizens. Jews were not permitted to hire German females as domestic servants under the age of 45. Jews were forbidden to display the national flag or national colors, but could display the Jewish colors identifying them as Jews. Punishment for violating these laws includes hard labor or imprisonment.
Hatred of Jews, anti semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology. Jews were used as scapegoats for all Germany’s troubles since the end of the war.
From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany Hitler was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years in prison. He spent less than a year behind bars
Hitler's famous book Mein kempf
-Written during the 9 months served in prison The book set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany. -He asserted Germans were a “master race.” -He expressed his outrage over the Versailles Treaty. -He declared Germany’s need for “lebensraum” or “living space.
Hitler used the press, radio, literature, painting, and film as his propaganda tools. Churches were forbidden to criticize the Nazis or the government. Ministers were required to sign an oath of allegiance. The Boy Scouts was abolished in Germany. School children had to join Nazi organizations like the Hitler Youth.
Totalitarianism government restricts individual rights and makes everyone subordinate to the government. The governments stay in power by using fear and oppression. Hitler banned other political parties. Hitler created the SS (Schutzstaffel, or protection squad). The SS arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies. The Gestapo was established as the Nazi’s secret police. Strikes were made illegal. Millions of people were put to work building up the military.
Fascism is a form of totalitarianism that tells citizens that their nation or race is superior
Living with Fascism
Rejection of happiness Women were to make babies (new soldiers)Youth molded into soldiers 1 ethnic group made important 1 ethnic group to be a target
