Grammar VI

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Grammar VI

Grammar for emphasis

Fronting

This involves putting first a clause not normally at the beginning of the sentence. It mayaiso involve putting the verb in an inverted position

Inversion

This involves using question word order after an adverbial with a negative or restrictive meaning comes at the beginning of the sentence.

Lexical and grammatical changes

Subjunctive unreal past

Unreal Past

The past tense is sometimes used in English to refer to an unreal situation. So, although the verb tense is in the past, we are actually talking about something that didn't happen.

Ex: I wish I hadn't said that.

Past Subjunctive

Ex: If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari.

The past subjunctive may be used: after if or I wish, to express regret or longing

In written English and in very formal speech, the past subjunctive form were is sometimes used with the 1st and 3rd person singular, in place of the normal past form was.

Present Subjunctive

Ex: It is vital that they be stopped at once.

The form in the present tense is exactly the same as the base form in all persons of the verb. That is, there is no -s on the 3rd person singular.

Subjunctive

Collocations

Grammatical categories of collocation

More complex collocations

It is time you put the past behind you and started focusing on the future.

Verb + adverb or prepositional phrase

As soon as the singer came on stage she burst into song.

Adverb + adjetive

Joe's sister was stunningly attractive woman.

Adjectives + Noun

The simple truth is that no one was aware of the problem.

Noun + Noun

Used to describe groups or sets. Ex: She gave me a snipper of information which is top secret.

Noun + verb

N: opportunity V: verb: arise Ex: An oppportunity arose

Verb + Noun

V : draw up N: a contract Ex: our lawyer draw up a contact for us to sign

Strong, Fixed and Weak Collocations

Weak collocation are made up of words that collocate with a wide range of pther words. Ex: I am in broad agreement.

Subtema

Fixed collocations are collocations so stronf thath cannot be chamged in any way. Ex: I was walking to and fro.

A Strong collocation is one which the words are very closely associated with each other. Ex: She has aubrurn hair.

What is a Collocation?

A collocation is a combination of two or more words which frequently occur together.

Non-Finite verb

Finite Clauses

Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense. They can be main clauses or subordinate clauses. Ex: Is it raining?

Non- finite clauses

Non-finite clauses contain a verb which does not show tense. We usually use non-finite verbs only in subordinate clauses.

Non-finite verb phrases

Do not show tense, person or number. Typically they are infinitive forms with and without to, -ing forms and ed forms

Exercises

Finite verb phrases

Ex: She was waiting in the room before he came in.

Finite verb forms show tense. Person and number (I go, she goes, we went, etc.)