Macromolecules

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Link of Structures

Link

Heteropolysaccharides contain 2 or more monosaccharides

Homopolysaccharides contain only a single type of monosaccharide

Maltotriose 3 Glucose

Energy Storage

Amylose

Plant Starch

Amylopectain

Energy Storage in animals

Unbranched

Branched

DNA

Deoxyribose

Bacteria and Yeast

Dextrose

Energy Storage Structural Support Cell-to-cell communication

Energy Source

Energy Source Building Blocks

Do not dissolve in water

Hydrogen Bonds

Strong

Plant Cell walls

Glycogen

Plants

Cellulose

Starch

Polymer a large molecule made from monomers linked together

Monomers a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules

Polymerization

Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides linked together

Oligosaccharide Made from 20 or less monosaccharides

Hydrophilic and water soluble

Hydrophilic Which means they are highly soluble in water

Galactose

Lactose galactose and glucose

Sugars Which mean they have polar functional groups attached to them

Maltose 2 glucose molecules

Sucrose Glucose and fructose

Disaccharide Made from 2 monosacharides

Fructose

Glycosidic Bond

Beta Glucose

Isomer a molecule withe the same formula but have a different arrangement of atoms

Alpha Glucose

Glucose

Combination Their Ratio is 1C:2H:1C

Monosaccharides Consists of 1 sugar Molecule They are Building block

4 Main Types

Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular Forces of attraction (IMF)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Carbohydrates

Flaxin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Photosynthesis

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

Cellular Respiration

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Cofactors in Reactions

Transfer RNA moves amino acids to the ribosome and binds to the mRNA, tRNA

Ribosomal RNA part of the ribosome and important for the reading the bond in mRNA in order to combine the correct amino acids to make a protein

Messenger RNA is the copy of instructions from DNA

Make proteins

Internal signalling in cells

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Energy Storage In a Cell

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Antiparallel

Double Stranded Molecules

Phosphodiester Bond

Polynucleotides

Guanine (G)

Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C)

Thymine (T)

Uracil (U)

Nucleotides Consists of a 5 Carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and 1-3 phosphate groups

Hereditary Molecule

RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Some Viruses

Pyrimidines Single Organic Rings There are 3 bases

Purines Two-ringed organic structures There are 2 bases

Stores the hereditary information

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and in many viruses

DNA Deoxyribose acid

Nucleic Acids Serve as assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms

Fluid Mosaic

Phospholipid bilayers

Micelle

Ester Linkage

Function: Cellular function and energy storage Example: Stearic Acid

Properties Hydrophobic, extremely non-polar, and soft solids over a large range of temperatures

Function Water resistance and protection

Waxes A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains bind to alcohols or carbon rings

Function Hormonal Signalling, cell response to the environment and growth

Steriods A lipid that is composed of 4 Carbon rings

Long Term Energy Storage

Phospholipid Head Faces Outward toward water

Phospholipids A lipid that consists of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol

Cell Membranes

Solid Have longer and straight fatty acid chains that can fold together

Fatty Acid Tail Faces inward away from water

Liquid They have shorter fatty acid chains

Unsaturated Fats Example: Olive Oil

Saturated Fats Example: Butter and Lard

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Has Double bonds between the Carbons

Triglyceride 3 fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule

Saturated Fatty Acids Has only single bonds between the Carbons

Fats Is a Lipid that is made up of fatty acids and glycerol

Fatty Acids A molecule that consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a functional carboxyl group

Amphipathic A molecule with both polar and non-polar functional groups

Lipids A non-polar compound that is made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen

Macromolecules

Receptors A chemical substance produced by cells that binds to another biological molecule

Neurotransmitters A chemical substance produced by nerve cells that stimulate or inhabit other nerve cells.

Neurons A specialized cell in the nervous system that can send and receive electrical signals.

Gluten Is a storage protein in the seeds of wheat, barely, and rye. This food gives the seeding a fast start.

Antibodies Battle bacteria and viruses that makes us sick

Muscle Cells To contact muscle cells, millions of tiny myosin simultaneously slide chains of actin proteins

Opsins In the eye detect light. They convert light into electrical and chemical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

Hemoglobin In red blood cells pick up oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to all tissues in the body

Hormones Androgen and Estrogen Control genes that trigger the onset of puberty

Insulin Released into the blood stream after a meal. It activates the insulin receptor, which signals muscle and fat cells to store blood sugar

Tublin Forms hollow tubes that support cell structure

Lactase helps infants digest lactose

Storage Stores nutrients and energy rich nutrients for later use

Defense Helps organisms fight infection, heal damaged tissue and evade predators

Motor Keep cells moving and changing shape. They also transport components around inside cells.

Sensory Helps us learn about our environment. They help us detect light, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain and heat.

Transport Move molecules and nutrients around the body and in and out of cells

Regulatory Bind DNA to turn genes on and off

Signalling Allow cells to communicate each other. Signals, receptors, and relay proteins work together to get information from outside to the inside of the cell

Structural Strengthen cells, tissues, organs

Enzymes Build and Break down Molecules They are critical for growth, digestion, and many other processes.

Types of proteins

Intermolecular Forces Different IMF's between side chains of amino acids

Hydrogen Bonding between the peptide bonds in the backbone

Quaternary Structure The combination of more than one protein with tertiary structures

Tertiary Structure The overall 3-D shape of the protein

Secondary Structure Small folded shapes within a protein

Primary Structure The linear structure of amino acids.

Structures

Peptide Bond

Polypeptide

R-Group Represents 1 of the 20 different side chains

Same 2 Functional Groups

Carboxyl

Amine

Chemical Structure

Hydrophobic Amino Acids with non-polar functional groups. "fears" water

Intermolecular Forces of Attractions

Hydrophilic Amino acids with Polar or Ionic Functional Groups. Water "loving"

Properties

Essential Amino Acids We need to get these from our diet

Amino Acids There are 20 amino acids. Humans can make 11 out of 20 in our cells

Proteins Very Complex Molecules