Philosophy knowledge overview

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Philosophy knowledge overview

20th century perspectives & philosophical comparisons

Religious language

Nature/ attributes of God

Religious Experience

whether or not religious experience provides a basis for belief in God or a greater power

whether or not corporate religious experiences might be considered more reliable or valid than individual experiences

whether personal testimony or witness is enough to support the validity of religious experiences

different ways in which individual religious experiences can be understood

the product of a physiological effect

psychological effect such as illusion

union with a greater power

mystical experience

Conversion, including examples of

William James, views & conclusions

Problem of Evil

whether or not it is possible to successfully defend monotheism in the face of evil

which of the logical or evidential aspects of the problem of evil pose the greater challenge to belief

theodicies

Hick’s reworking of the Irenaean theodicy which gives some purpose to natural evil in enabling human beings to reach divine likeness

a ‘vale of soul-making’ can justify extent of evil?

Augustine’s use of original perfection and the Fall

spare God from blame?

Different presentations

evidential (the evidence of so much terrible evil in the world)

logical (the inconsistency between divine attributes and the presence of evil)

Arguments based on reason

Ontological argument

whether a posteriori or a priori is the more persuasive style of argument

whether or not existence can be treated as a predicate

Kant's criticisms

Gaunilo's criticisms

Anselm

Arguments based on observation

challenges to arguments from observation

Logical fallacies?

Evolution

Hume

Cosmological argument

Aquinas’ first three ways

Contingency

Cause

Mover (actuality/ potentiality)

Teleological argument

Paley

Aquinas’ Fifth Way

Soul mind & Body

metaphysics of consciousness

any discussion about the mind-body distinction is a category error

whether the concept of ‘soul’ is best understood metaphorically or as a reality

materialism

the rejection of a soul as a spiritual substance

the idea that mind and consciousness can be fully explained by physical or material interactions

substance dualism

Descartes’ proposal of material and spiritual substances

mind and body are distinct substances

the philosophical language of soul,

Aristotle’s view of the soul as the form of the body; the way the body behaves and lives; something which cannot be separated from the body

Plato’s view of the soul as the essential and immaterial part of a human, temporarily united with the body

Ancient philosophical influences

Aristotle

Prime mover

4 causes

Use of the senses (empiricism

Plato

Analogy of the cave

The Forms

Understanding of reality

Reason/ rationalism