Portfolio #3

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Immigration

Points System: In 1967,a points system was created to rank potential immigrants for eligibility. The main reasons for being accepted were work skills, language abilities (speaking English or French), education levels, and family connections. Race, color, or nationality were not factors in the points system

Pierre Trudeau and Multiculturalism: In 1971, Pierre Trudeau introduced the policy of multiculturalism. This policy encouraged ethnic groups in Canada to express their cultures, making them feel more welcomed into the country. Multicultural activities were organized across the country (e.g, heritage language classes, festivals etc.)

In the 1960's, many Canadians had a more open attitude toward people of other race and culture. The reason behind this was the growing economy and changing social attitudes. More than 160,000 refugees came to Canada between 1947 and 1952. In 1962, Citizenship and Immigration Minister Ellen Fairclough introduced regulations that would eliminate racial bias from Canada's immigrants policy. In 1946, Canada ended the banning of Chinese immigrants.

Nation Building - Big Question

Suez Crisis

2a.Lester. B. Pearson: During the Suez Crisis, Lester Pearson proposed a solution to help solve the crisis in Egypt. The solution was to withdraw British and French troops from Egypt and replace them with a United Nations force which was to remain in the area. It was the first large international peacekeeping force. This force was known as the UNEF, United Nations emergency force, which consisted of around 6000 men from 10 countries. All members of the UN voted in favour of the plan. The plan helped keep peace in Egypt and the Middle-East until 1967 when Egypt demanded that it leave the area in 1967.

2b.Nobel Peace Prize: In 1957, Pearson emerged from the Suez crisis as a hero for his plan/solutions, winning the Nobel Peace Prize for his role.

1.Summary: October 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the canal that same year. A military/political confrontation in Egypt threatened to divide the United States and Great Britain which may ended up harming the Western military alliance. The Israelis were joined by French and British forces, which nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict. The conflict ended when the British and French ordered Israeli and Egyptian troops to withdraw.

Aborigionals and Canada

3.Canada's Response: The Liberals, including leader Pierre Trudeau, did not have a friendly response towards the Aborigionals after the rejection of the white paper. Trudeau stated, “We’ll keep them in the ghetto as long as they want.” Aboriginal activists continued to work on issues arising from this time period. In 1973, the Supreme Court decided on the case Calder v. British Columbia, agreeing that Aboriginal title to land existed before European colonization of North America.

2.Harold Cardinal and the Red Paper: Harold Cardinal in 1968, as a member of the Sucker Creek First Nation, Harold Cardinal was elected president of the Indian Association of Alberta. Cardinal called the white paper “a thinly disguised programme of extermination through assimilation.” He saw the white paper as a form of cultural genocide. In 1970, the Indian Association of Alberta rejected the white paper in their document Citizens Plus, which became popularly known as the Red Paper. The Red Paper was basically the first nations' response to the white paper.

1.White Paper: The 1969 White Paper was a Canadian government policy paper that attempted to abolish previous legal documents regarding and affecting to Indigenous peoples in Canada. This includes the Indian Act and treaties, converting reserve land to private property that can be sold, as well as assimilate all people under Canadian State. This recieved a widespread of backlash. Many felt that the document overlooked concerns raised during consultations and appeared to be a final attempt to assimilate Indigenous peoples into the Canadian population.

NATO

3.Importance to Canada: Joining Canada brought the relations with the United States closer. Canada also contributed to the creation of military stations all over Western Europe. Canada shows that even though, at the time, they were a medium-class country, they could still contribute a lot which shows they are a loyal country and by doing this, they gain support of other powerhouse countries like Britain.

2.Consequences: By joining NATO, Canada had major consequences when it came to buliding up defenses. It meant an increase in defense budget as well as the return of troops to Europe. By the late 1960s, high defence costs, and the introduction of Canadian jets and other forces with US-supplied nuclear weapons, were stirring up criticism at home about Canada's role in NATO.

1.Summary: NATO, North American Treaty Organization, was created in 1949 invloving Canada, the United States, Britain, and Western Europe. NATO was created to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. More specifically, it was 12 countries that signed an alliance to defend each other if attacked from another country.

Korean War

3.Canada's status in the World: By contributing a heavy amount of troops alongside the other United Nation countries, Canada shows that they were prepared to help the United Nations. Canada also tried to promote peace rather than fighting and killing eventually establishing a role as peacekeeper.

2.Canada's Role: Canadian military men served in the Korean War, during both the combat phase and as peacekeepers afterward. Canada contributed about 25,000 men to South Korea. 15,000 were seriously hurt and approximately 500 Canadians died. To this day, the Korean war remains Canada's third-bloodiest overseas conflict.

1.Summary: The Korean war was about a 3 year long battle between North Korea and South Korea. It started on June 25 of 1950 when approximately 75,000 Korean soldiers invaded the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Republic of Korea to the north and the Republic of Korea to the south. The United Nations members agreed to send troops to help defend South Korea. Fighting lasted until July 27 1953, when a armistice was called. Lastly, a demilitarized zone was established which was land between South Korea and North Korea.