Energy Systems

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Biology 311C

Brandon Ruizにより

Chapter 3: Adaptation

Erna suraiyaにより

Biology - Respiration

Ethan Attwoodにより

Chemical Nomenclature

Nandni Dabhiにより

- More complicated pathway - Happens in the mitochondria - Needs many enzymes and several complex sub pathways leading to the complete breakdown of glucose fats and protein enter

- Faster pathway - Occurs in the muscle fibre - Uses chemicals and enzymes -Very powerful, but shortened during physical activity

Energy Systems

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular Respiration

-Slow process which requires oxygen, without oxygen the energy can not be converted.

Involves three separate pathways

3) The Electron Transport Chain

-Yeilds large amounts of ATP (34) -C02 and water are the byproduct -Electrons get formed by water and that energy is then used to resynthesize ATP

-Carbon monoxide limits the ETC -

2) The Krebs Cycle

-Has eight reactions -Has 2 molecules of ATP -Complete cycle of reactions occur -Citric acid is formed

-Hydrogen peroxide limits the Krebs Cycle, which can limit the production of NADH

1) Glycolysis

-Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, that then releases energy which is transferred to ATP. -when oxygen is present pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA instead of lactic acid

--the energy yield during the process is very low when compared to the energy that is utilized

water and CO2 is a byproduct

slow process which needs a lot of oxygen

yeilds 36 ATP

Uses a lot of ATP

Needs the complete breakdown of glucose

Preferred pathway after 90 seconds

Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are used

Anaerobic Respiration

Glycolysis

-Depletion of oxygen -Overall glycolysis is an inefficient means of energy production. -only small amounts of energy can be used from the glycogen when under anaerobic conditions. -Lactic acid is formed, which limits the increase of chemical reactions and denatures enzymes. -Lactic acid also causes sore muscles

The first Sequence of reactions

occurs in the cytoplasm

glycogen gets depleated

ATP-PC Pathway

Limitations

-Pc only lasts 10s. -takes 3-4 minutes to regenerate. - Just one molecule of ATP is resynthesized for every molecule of Pc -Pc only gets resynthesized with oxygen present.

Does not produce lactic acid

Creatine phosphate resynthesizes ATP which is where is generates from

When there is large amounts of energy, the body releases creatine kinase which then breaks down phosphocreatine which then releases energy

Stored ATP in the muscle breaks down which forms energy ADP + P = ATP - ATP is the byproduct

Has small amounts of stored energy

ADP releases kinase. Kinase breaks down the fuel source (Phosphocreatine) which releases energy

Yeilds enormus amounts of ATP