によって Joyce Ositelu 11年前.
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Biology encompasses a diverse range of topics that delve into the fundamental aspects of life and its processes. One critical area is mutations and their various types, such as missense, frameshift, and nonsense mutations, which play a significant role in genetic variation and evolution.
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Chapter 8: Energy and Enzymes INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY Chapter 11: Cell signaling & Signal transduction "Signal transduction pathway" Response Signal Transduction Cell Communcation Chapter 6: Eukaroyotic Cells Differenentiate betwwen Animal and plant cells Internal membranes and compartmentalization Types of Microscopes Chap 25&27: Chemical evlution and Prokayotic cells Peripheral & Integral Membrane Proteins Membrane Fluidity Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis Chap4&5: Biological molecules Amino acids and Proteins Nucleosides and Nucloetide DNA and synthesis of MRNA Primary, seconday, Tertiary, Quaternary Dehydration synthesis Acidic/basic polar heads
Amino acid structure, Building blocks Carbohydrates and Lipids saturated/unsaturated fatty acid Triglyceride--Phospholipids Human(glycogen), Plants(starch), Cellulose sugar-sucrose startch/glucose Amylose/Amylopectin
Carbon and Molecular diversity four ways that carbon skelton can vary presence of rings
Position of double bonds
Branch/unbranched
Subtopic
Length
Functional groups For ex. carboxyl Isomers Chap2&3: Chemistry for Biology Bonds and water Polar , Non Polar, Covalent, Ionic bonds Polarity Of water Atomic Mass, Atomic # Four emergent properties of water Chap1: Biological Hierachy System, emergent properties, Reductionism Domains and KIngdoms Atoms Levels of Biological Organization Communities
Population
Organism
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecule
Chapter 16: DNA Replication, discovery as a genetic material. ORIGINS of Replication, replication fork, SSB, Topoisomerase, DNA Pl I & III Griffith, Avery, Mccleod&MCcarthy, Hershey&Chase Chapter 17: Transcription/Translation Protein targeting Exons/Introns/Splicing Template/Coding strand Central Dogma Chapter 17: Mutations and Repair Spontaneous mutations. Frameshift mutation Nonsense mutation missense mutation Nucleotide pair substitution Chapter 18: Gene Regulation Positive: Glucose Effect Negative: Repressible and Inducible Operons Trp and LAC operons Operons Chapter 9: Respiration Electron transport and Chemiosmosis Krebs Cycle Oxidation and Reduction Chap 10: Photosynthesis Cyclic Electron Flow Absorption Spectrum Dark and light Reactions Redox Process Sites of Photosyntheis in plants Chap 18: Recombinant DNA Sticky ends Recongnition and marker ganes. Bacteria Plasmid Restriction endonuclease Gene Cloning Chap 12: Cell Cycle and regulation. Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prometaphase Prophase
