Nucleic Acids

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Types of RNA Nucleotides

adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine

Types of DNA Nucleotides

adenine, thymine , guanine, and cytosine

Dinucleotide

CoA

• Coenzyme A
• used to move a molecule to an enzyme

FAD

• Flavin adenine dinucleotide 
• used in different sets of reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in different parts of cellular respiration

NADP+

• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 
• is used in different sets of reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in photosynthesis

NAD+

• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• used in reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in parts cellular respiration

Nucleic Acids

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• have more predictable rules for which nitrogenous bases are attracted to each other than proteins

Structure

Nucleotide

• The monomer of nucleic acids
• connected between their phosphate group and a hydroxyl group on the 5-carbon sugar to make a phosphodiester bond.

Nitrogenous base

There are 5 common nitrogenous bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. 

Pyrimidines

• In RNA pyrimidines include cytosine and uracil
• In DNA pyrimidines include cytosine and thymine

Purines

• In RNA purines include adenine and guanine
• In DNA purines include adenine and guanine

5-carbon sugar

RNA

• the polymer ribonucleic acid
• used as the genetic molecule in many viruses
• used to turn off genes
• folded in such a way so that the bottom of the molecule can attach to other RNA molecules

DNA

• the polymer deoxyribonucleic acid

Double strand

• made up of 2 polymers
• When two strands come together, though, they always line up and connect with one strand inverted compared to the other

Single strand

• made up of 1 polymer
• can fold up on themselves to make functional shapes. 

One or more phosphate functional groups

Uses

Heredity/genetic information

Internal cell signalling

Cofactors in reactions

Involved in making proteins

Energy carrier

Functions of ATP

In plants, sunlight energy is captured as ATP

In consumers enzymes convert the energy consumed into ATP

Heterotrophs

• organisms that consume biological molecules to produce energy

Can undergo respiration because of ATP production

Autotrophs

• organisms that can produce biological molecules from simpler molecules like CO2 and H2O using light or chemical energy

stores energy in the form of amylose or fatty acids

grows new tissue

Plays a Role in Food Systems

• includes|: growing, harvesting, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food
• energy in cells and organisms is carried and stored in different forms
• the amount of energy we can get is limited because of limitations

Limitations to the Food System

Waste

• a third of food produced is wasted

Malnutrition

• 794 million people suffer from hunger
• 2 billion people do not get sufficient vitamins and minerals
• 9 billion people over eat, 600 million of these people are obese leading to type 2 diabetes

Too Rich in fat, sugar, salt, and meat

• this diet impacts our health and the environment
• leads to health diseases
• green house gas emissions are raised from meat production
• food is less diverse

Natural Resources are Under Pressure

• sources of fresh water are running dry
• existing water sources are becoming polluted
• 33% of soils are degraded
• biodiversity is threatened --> tropical forests disappearing, plants and animals endangered
• climate change intensifies these issues