Organigram

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seed plants

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Manipulating, Researching, and Cloning DNA and Genes

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The characteristics of life

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Common Ancestor: DNA is present as genetic storage

Common Ancestor of Archaea and Erukarya: Presence of Histones, No Peptidoglycan in Cell Membrane

Eukarya: ester bonds, presence of membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Unikonta

Opisthokonta: single posterior flagellum on swimming cells, no plastids (also no feeding groove, no tripartite flagelar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane)

Common Ancestor: multicellular, absorptive heterotroph

Animalia (Metazoa): lack of cell wall, mobile, presence of complex organ systems, gametic life cycle

Parazoa: Asymmetry

Porifera (Sponges): no tissues, no trochophore larvae or lophophore, no cephalization

Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta)

Eumetazoa

Radiata: radial symmetry

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Scyphozoa: have dominant medusa

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)

Hydrozoa: alternate between polyp and medusa i.e. Portuguese Man O War

Pennaria disticha

Anthozoa: have dominant polyp i.e. sea anemones and coral

Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)

Bilateria: Bilateral Symmetry

Deuterostomia: tissues present in three embryonic tissue layers (triploblasty), radial and indeterminate embryonic cleavage, blastopore into anus, no trochophore larvae or lophophore

Chordata

Vertebra: possess a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail; vertebrates are further differentiated from chordates by their vertebral column, which forms when their notochord develops into the column of bony vertebrae separated by discs

Mammalia: possess a cranium, jaws, and lungs or lung derivatives; bony skeleton, limbs, 4 chambered heart, endothermic, amniotic egg, hair and milk; double circulation

American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

Reptilia: possess a cranium, jaws, and lungs or lung derivatives; bony skeleton, limbs, 3 or 4 chambered heart, ectothermic (non-bird reptiles) endothermic (birds), amniotic egg, no hair or milk; double circulation

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Amphibia: possess a cranium, jaws, and lungs or lung derivatives; bony skeleton, limbs, 3 chambered heart, ectothermic, no amniotic egg, no hair or milk; double circulation

Red Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)

Osteichthyes (bony fish)

Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes which possess a cranium, jaws, and lungs or lung derivatives; bony skeleton, no limbs, 2 chambered heart, ectothermic, no amniotic egg, no hair or milk; single circulation

Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)

Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes which possess a cranium, jaws, and lungs or lung derivatives; bony skeleton, no limbs, 2 chambered heart, ectothermic, no amniotic egg, no hair or milk; single circulation

Blue Tang (Paracanthurus hepatus)

Chondrichthyes: possess a cranium and jaws; cartilage skeleton, no lungs or lung derivatives, no limbs, 2 chambered heart, ectothermic, no amniotic egg, no hair or milk; single circulation

Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)

Agnathans aka Cyclostomes: possess a cranium; no jaws, no limbs, no lungs or lung derivatives, no amniotic egg, no hair or milk production; cartilage skeleton, 2-chambered heart, ectothermic, single circulation

Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

Cephalochordata: segmented marine animals that possess elongated bodies with a notochord that extends the length of the body, extending from head to tail, persisting throughout the animal's life; possesses a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post anal tail; body has more than two cell layers and includes tissues and organs, has a U shaped gut, and body has no coelomic body cavity, no cranium, no vertebral column, no cartilage or bony skeleton, no jaws, no limbs, no lungs or lung derivatives, no heart chambers, no internal temperature maintenance, no amniotic egg, no hair, and no milk production; single circulation

Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Urochordata: possess a notochord, a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post anal tail; body has more than two cell layers and includes tissues and organs, has a U shaped gut, and body has no coelomic body cavity, no cranium, no vertebral column, no cartilage or bony skeleton, no jaws, no limbs, no lungs or lung derivatives, no heart chambers, no internal temperature maintenance, no amniotic egg, no hair, and no milk production; single circulation

tunicates

Sea Peaches (Halocynthia aurantium)

Echinodermata: presence of water vascular system, no cephalization

Holothuroidea: lack arms, bilateral symmetry, body wall soft rather than calcareous, sedimentary feeders, body surrounded by tube feet

California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)

Echinoidea: have a globoid shape without any arms are features the sea urchins share with the sea cucumbers; have fivefold symmetry and move around on a large number of hydraulically powered tube feet

Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Ophiuroidea: "brittle stars"; five part symmetry and an internal calcium carbonate skeleton in the mineral form of calcite

Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)

Asteroidea

Giant Sea Star (Pisaster giganteus)

Protostomia: tissues present in three embryonic tissue layers (triploblasty), spiral and indeterminate embryonic cleavage, blastopore into mouth, no trochophore larvae or lophophore

Lophotrochozoa: tissues present in three embryonic tissue layers (triploblasty), spiral and determinate embryonic cleavage, blastopore into mouth, presence of trochophore larvae or lophophore

Annelida: Cephalization

Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)

Platyhelminthes: no cephalization

Cestoda: type of parasitic worm that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts; characterized by a long, flat body (ribbon-like) that can grow to over 20 meters in length

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)

Trematoda: flattened oval or worm-like animals, usually no more than a few centimeters in length; presence of two suckers, one close to the mouth, and the other on the underside

Rhabditophora: presence of specialized, rod-like secretory granules on their body surface (rhabdites) responsible for the production of a layer of viscous slime

Macrostomum lignano

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Mollusca: presence of gills, Cephalization

Cephalopoda: the foot has developed into a set of arms or tentacles; ability to squirt ink when threatened; symmetrical

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Bivalva: have two shells called valves which act like protective armor

Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)

Gastropoda: have a muscular foot which is used for "creeping" locomotion sometimes modified for swimming or burrowing; most have 1-2 tentacles and a well developed head with eyes

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

Ecdysozoa: tissues present in two embryonic tissue layers (diploblasty), spiral and determinate embryonic cleavage, blastopore into mouth, no trochophore larvae or lophophore, only group with ecdysis

Nematoda: no cephalization

Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

Arthropoda: spiracles and tracheal system, book lungs, gills, cephalization

Chelicerata: presence of two main body segments, four pairs of legs, have pedipalps (i.e. pinchers or secondary legs), lack antennae, majority of them are terrestrial

Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)

Crustacea: presence of a hard exoskeleton made of calcium, two compound eyes, two pairs of antennae, a pair of green glands excrete wastes near the base of antennae, and the abdominal segments have swimmerets (swimming legs)

Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)

Hexapoda: aka Insecta; presence of a consolidated thorax with three pairs of legs (six legs)

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)

Fungi: presence of cell wall, lack of mobility and complex organ systems, zygotic life cycle

Black Bread Mold/Rhizopus stolonifer

Fly Agaric

Amoebozoa: no single posterior flagellum on swimming cells, no plastids (also no feeding groove, no tripartite flagelar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane), pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes, uses pseudopodia for motility

Excavata

Common Ancestor: presence of feeding groove, no tripartite flagellar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane, Secondary Plastids in photosynthetic species (also no filose pseudopodia or pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes, no single posterior flagellum on swimming cells)

Slime Molds

Euglenoids

SAR Clade

No plastids, filose pseudopodia, uses pseudopodia for motility (no single posterior flagellum on swimming cells)

Rhizaria: no feeding groove, no tripartite flagelar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane

Foraminiferas

Radiolarians

Secondary Plastids in photosynthetic species (also no filose pseudopodia or pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes, no single posterior flagellum on swimming cells)

Alveolata: no feeding groove, no tripartite flagellar hair, presence of membranous vesicles on cell wall, possible to have tertiary plastids as well

Dinoflagellates

Stramenopila: no feeding groove, presence of tripartite flagellar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane

Giant Kelp

Diatoms

Archaeplastida: Primary Plastids in photosynthetic species, no feeding groove, no tripartite flagellar hair, no membranous vesicles on cell membrane, no filose pseudopodia or pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes, and no single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

autotroph with zygotic life cycle, no presence of embryo or desiccation-resistant spores, tissue growth throughout body, no gametangia or sporangia

Common Ancestor: no lignin, diffusion/osmosis circulation of waters and sugars, no true leaves, dominant gametophyte generation, no thick waxy cuticle, no stomata

Rhodophytes

Chlorophytes

(Charophytes) Braun's Stonewort

autotrophic ancestor with sporic life cycle, presence of embryo and desiccation resistant spores, tissue growth on apical meristems only, presence of gametangia and sporangia

common ancestor: no lignin present, diffusion/osmosis circulation of waters and sugars, dominant gametophyte generation, no thick waxy cuticle, no stomata

Mosses: foliose

Wooly Feather Moss

Hornworts: thallus, narrow pipe-like structures

Field Hornwort

Liverworts: can be foliose or thallus, lobate structures

Common Liverwort

common ancestor: presence of lignin, xylem/phloem circulation of waters and sugars, dominant sporophyte generation, presence of stomata and thick waxy cuticle

Monilophytes: megaphylls leaves (multiple veins)

Eastern Marsh Fern

Lycophytes: lycophylls aka microphylls leaves (one single unbranched leaf vein)

Fan Clubmoss

autotrophic ancestor produces pollen, has seeds, wooded, heterospory, contains ovules

gymnosperms: no flowers or fruit production, no endosperm, no ovaries

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

angiosperms: produce flowers and fruit, presence of endosperm, presence of ovaries

White Water Lily (Nymphaea alba)

Southern Magnolia

Archaea: ether bonds, no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Methanobrevibacter smithii

Prokaryotic

Bacteria: ester bonds, peptidoglycan in cell walls, no membrane bound nucleus or organelles, no histones

Escherichia coli