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The Carbon Atom

As you move down a period in the periodic table, several key trends emerge due to the increasing atomic number. Ionization energy tends to increase, while electron affinity decreases, and the effective nuclear charge goes up.

The Carbon Atom

This makes sense because as you go down a period in the table of elements, and the atomic number increases, the ionization energy increases, the electron affinity decreases, the effective nuclear charge increases, and the atomic radius decreases.

These periodic trends exist because all atoms in a period have similar structures and only vary slightly from each other. With an extra electron in each atom down the period, the structure of each atom changes slightly and creates these trends. With an added electron, but the same number of orbitals, atoms have more of a shielding effect repelling other atoms from the nucleus. This is until the atoms that almost have a full valence shell of electrons and gain them more easily than lose them. This is why when certain trends increase going down the period, other trends decrease.

Bohr Rutherford Model

Both have two orbitals(n=2) which means they are part of the same period.

Has two orbitals(n=2) with 8 electrons, a nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons

Has 6 valence electrons making it more reactive than carbon
Has a greater Ionization energy and a lower electron affinity than carbon
Oxygen has a greater effective nuclear charge and a lower atomic radius than carbon
Has an atomic number of 8, an atomic mass of 15.999(approx. 8 electrons and 8 neutrons) and an electronegativity of 3.5

The Carbon Atom

carbon Bohr Rutherford Model

Carbon and oxygen are both primarily isotopes. This means that they can either be stable or unstable, as opposed to radioisotopes which are always unstable.
Has two orbitals(n=2) with 6 electrons, a nucleus with 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Has 4 valence electrons making it less reactive than oxygen
QM Model
Has a lower ionization energy but a greater electron affinity compared to oxygen

Carbon also has a lower effective nuclear charge and a greater atomic radius than oxygen

Has an atomic number of 6, an atomic mass of 12.011(approx. 6 electrons and 6 neutrons), and an electronegativity of 2.5
Both have a 1s, 2s, and, a partially filled, 2p subshell.
Carbon

The Oxygen Atom