BIO311c Concept Map

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Floating topic

Nucleoside

Gene expression

External environment

Hydrogenated

Transfat

Energy

Thermodynamics

Gibbs Free Energy

equilibrium

max stability

unstable

more work capacity

stable

less work capacity

2nd law

entropy of universe is always increasing

1st law

E in universe is constant

kinetic energy

movemnet

potential energy

stored

Cellular Respiration

4 main stages

Chemiosmosis

concentration gradient

liberates energy

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

electron transport chain

reduces coenzyme

FADH2

2 ATP

NADH

3 ATP

NADH dehydrogenase

electron acceptors

redox reactions

free energy

actively pump protons

electrons move down

Kreb's cycle

6NADH

2ATP

4CO2

2FAD2

2 acetyl CoA

2 Oxaloacetate

2 citrate

many changes

citric acid cycle

pyruvate oxidation

matrix of mitochondrion

glycolysis

glucose

activated glucose

confines glucose in cell

cytoplasm

under anaerobic conditions

breakdown of glucose

harvesting E from organic compounds

oxidizing glucose

small amounts of E are released at a time

enzymes

catabolic

exothermic

Photosynthesis

C4 Photosynthesis

malate

CO2 +Pyruvate

bundle sheath cells

Chloropast

thylakoid

light reaction

grana

stroma

Dark reaction

Dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

Carboxylation

merging of 6CO2+RuBP --12PGA

reduction

12 ATP +12 NADPH

12 PGAL from !2 PGA

regeneration

6 ATP used to make 10 PGAL---6 RuBP

carbohydrate synthesis

2PGAL---Glucose

Light reactions

chemiosmosis

protons

thalakoids

gradients

ATP Synthase

1-2 ATP

Photosystem II (p680)

2 electrons

ETC

Primary electron acceptor

Photosystem I

2 NADPH

CAM PHotosynthesis

take place at night

H2O loss

PEP Carboxylase

oxaloacetate

Malic acid

vacuole

Photorespiration

inefficient

Metabolism

Anabolic pathway

endergonic reactions

consume energy

Catabolic pathway

exergonic reactions

releases energy

Genetics

Happens at the same time

Translation

Stages

Termination

release factor

Stop codon

UGA

UAA

UAG

Elongation

1st and 3rd step

Elongation factors

Initiation factors

translation initiation complex

tRNA

anticodon

Ribosome

Bound ribosome

signal peptide

Signal-recognition particle

Endomembrane system

Plasma membrane

vacuoles

lysosome

Golgi apparatus

nuclear envelop

ER

Free ribosomes

cytosol

Small Subunit

mRNA binding site

Large subunit

E site

tRNAs

A site

holds the next tRNA

P site

tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA condons

info in mRNA

Transcription

RNA Processing

RNA Splicing

Spliceosome

Exons

coding

Introns

noncoding

Poly-A Tail

Degrading

Export of mRNa

5' cap

Molecular components

Transcription unit

Upstream

Downstream

Promoter

TATA Box

RNA Polymerase

Codons

nucleotide bases

termination

Polyadenylation signal sequence

Polyadenylation signal

elongation

nucleotides

3' end

RNA Poly.

Initiation

Transcription Factors

DNA Replication

nucleotide excision pair

DNA Ligase

DNA Polymerase I

DNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase III

New DNA Strand

Primase

RNA Primer

Topoisomerase

Breaking and rejoining strands

Single strand binding protein

Single stranded DNA

helicase

Double Helix

Experiments

Meselson and Stahl

3 models

dispersive model

semiconservative model

conservative model

Semiconservative

Hershey and Chase

DNA function as genetic material

Chargaff's rules

% of C and G are about equal

% of A and T bases are about equal

Tag DNA

bacterial cell

Tag protein

Griffith's experiment

R (rough strain)

S (smooth strain)

Mouse healthy

Mouse dies

Biological Molcules

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Glycogen

Releases Glucose

Extensively branched

Building Material

Chitin

Proteins

Beta Linkages

Cellulose

Microfibrils

Straight Structure

Beta Configuration

On Bottom

Tough walls in plant cells

Protects the cell

Storage Material

Starch

Helical structure

Amylopectin

Branched

1-6 Linkage

Amylose

Unbranched

Glucose monomers

Alpha Configuration

On top

1-4 Linkage

Provides sugars for cells

Disaccharides

Lactose

Galactose

Sucrose

Fructose

Maltose

Glycosidic Linkage

Sugars

Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar)

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Lipids

Steroids

Cholesterol

Saturated and Transfats

atheroschlerosis

4 fused rings

Phopholipids

Bilayer

cell

Hydrophillic Head

Polar molecule

Hydrocarbon Tails

Hydrophobic

Water

2 Fatty Acid

glycerol

Phosphate Grorup

Negative Charge

Cell membranes

Fats

Energy Storage

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

fished (oils)

Plants

liquid

Saturated Fatty Acid

Solid

Animal Fats

Double bonds

-Cis Double bonds

3 Fatty Acids

Glycerol

Ester Linkage

Fatty Acids

Long Carbon Skeleton

Hydrocarbon Chain

Gylcerol

-OH Group

Alcohol

True Polymers

Nucleic Acids

Polynucleotides

RNA

Single Strand

ribose

DNA

Double helix

Antiparallel

deoxiribose

O atom in 2nd C

Nucleotides

Phosphodiester linkage

Phosphate groups

Nitrogenous base

Has phosphate attached to a 5' Carbon

Has hydroxyl group attached to a 3' Carbon

Purines

Guanine

Adenine

Pyrimidine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

5 Carbon sugar

Protiens

Chaperonin

Harmful environments

Protein Structure

Denatured

Quaternary Structure

Polypeptide subunits

polypeptide chain

Tertiary Structure

Hydrophobic interaction

End up at the core

3D Shape

Secondary Structure

Beta Pleated Sheets

2 Parallel Segments

Subtopic

Fibrous Proteins

Alpha Helix

coil

Hydrogen bonds

Primary Structure

Linear chain of amino acid

Amino Acid

H Atom

R-Group (Side Chain)

Nonpolar

Van der Waals

H (C-H)

CH

Ring

Polar

CO

SH

NH

-OH

Acidic amino acid

Basic amino acid

Hydrophillic

Amino Group

N-Terminus

Carboxyl Group

C-Terminus

Polypeptide

Polypeptide backbone

Peptide bonds

Covalent bonds

Disulfide Bridges