BIO311C EVERYTHING

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DIPOLE DIPOLE INTERACTIONS These are strong interactions that occur between polar covalent molecules. They are due to the attraction of the +atoms of one molecule to the - atoms of another molecule

IONIC COMPOUUNDS ARE OFTEN SALTS/ CRYSTALS

CATION IS POSITIVLY

ANION IS NEGATIVLY CHARGED

IONS

Cl2

WATER H2O

AMMONIA NH3

Methane CH4

Hydrogen H2

EXAMPLE Na and Cl

ATOMS HAVE FULL CHARGE

ATOMS HAVE PARTIAL CHARGE

ATOMS HAVE NO CHARGE

POLAR Two atoms with DIFFERENT electronegativity values share electrons unequally -POLAR COVALENT

NONPOLAR Two atoms with SIMILAR electronegativity values share electrons equally -NONPOLAR COVALENT

The closer the two atoms in their ENs, the more equal their sharing of electrons

Atoms with higher electronegativity values - greater attraction for electrons

Pauling scale and Mulliken scale

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond

VALENCE ELECTRONS

COMPOUND

INTRAMOLECULAR BOND

OCTET RULE:Many representative elements attain at least a share of eight electrons in their valence shells when they form compounds.

METALLIC

COVALENT

IONIC

3 MAYOR TYPES OF BONDING

THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS FOUND IN ORGANISMS ARE H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl

CHEMICAL BONDING

PERIODIC TABLE

CHAPTER 2

BIO311C EVERYTHING

EXAM 3

EXAM 1

Topic principal

EXAM 2