Descriptive Linguistics

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Descriptive Linguistics

VERBS

Intransitive

Transitive

Second language acquisition.learning

First language acquisition

Language and the brain

Pragmatics

Semantics

Semantic roles

Situation describes by a sentence

Goal: to Quito

Source: from France

Location: next to the computer

Experiencer: related to a feeling

Instrument: The tool that helps the agent

Theme: object

Agent: Person who executes the action

Types of sentences

Declarative (.)

Exclamatory (!)

Imperative (!)

Interrogative (?)

Semantic features

Categories that classify the meaning of a word

Associative meaning

Concepts that we add

Conceptual meaning

Meaningful function of the Word

Analyzes the meaning and interpretation of the words

Syntax

Structure

Part of speech, phrase structure grammar, and sentences

Subject + verb+ object

Parts of speech

Noun, verb, pronoun, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction and article

Categories

Help another word ex: the, this, will, etc

Add new words, ex: policy, good, now, etc

Based on components and rules

How sentences are formed and interpreted

Grammar

Descriptive Approach

Describes the language as it is actually used

Prescriptive Approach

How language is really used

Traditional grammar

Origin of the description of the languages

Is a language system

Composed of rules, clauses, phrases, and words

How words are formed

Acronyms

GG

Good Game

BAE

Before Anyone Else

PIN

Personal Identification Number

ASAP

As Soon As Possible

Shortened forms use for the communication

Combined letters

Is the process when we reduces words and put only initial letters

First few letters

Dipping

Photograph

Photo

Influence

Flu

Brother

Bro

Telephone

Phone

The word is reduced but still has the same meaning.

The meaning is not removed

Syllables are removed

The end or the beginning of words is reduced or cut

Blending

Glamour +ritz

Glitz

Motor+hotel

Motel

Web+log

Blog

They join two separate words to produce a new form by combining.

The initial part of a word is joined with the final part of another

The initial parts of both words

Compunding

There are three ways to write compound words

Hyphenated Compounds

Close-up

Closed Compounds

Grandfather

Open Compounds

Fool moon

These words are derived from the lexemes

Two different words are joined

one with its own meaning

Creating new words

Word Formation

Borrowing

Oral Speech

The words is adopting

Early period

Contact with the people

Written Speech

A long process for assimilation

Recent Time

Indirect contact

Spealling is conserved

Consequence of cutural contact

New words are formed the addopted to english from other languajes

English adopted words the other languajes

Etimology

Words that are modified to the standard of English

Earlist available

Belong to the original

Old english period

Words from the other languajes

Meaning

Paradigm

Spealling

Phonemic shape

The changes that meanings have

Where the words are from?

Study the origin of new words

From many other lenguajes

Inlfuence

Latin

Greek

Neologisms

It is used by native speakers and then implemented in active vocabularies

It is used in specific context

Languaje Conection

Ne phonome

New concept

Recently created

Phrase

Word

Words created in one language and entered in another with different meanings.

Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs

Examples

/v/

Van

/f/

Fan

Are two words that vary by only a single sound

Allophones

They are written in brackets

[p]

[t]

Non-significant

Predictable

Variations within each group of phoneme

Phoneme

Makes works

Note that slash marks / /

/p/

/t/

Functions contrastively

Smallest unit

Distinguishes meaning

Phones or set of sounds

The sounds of patterns of language

Phonemes

The minimal unit of sounds

Phonology

Involves

Phonemics

Sound Patterns

Sounds

Phonetics

Reception

Transmission

Produccion

Aspect

Mental

Abstract

Sounds Functions

Is the study of the sound

Charting consonant sounds

Manners of articulation

Lateral

No contact between active (tongue) and passive articulator

Glides

there are no contacts between articulators

Affricative

Consonant sounds that begin by fully stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract

Fricative

A consonant sound, such as English f or v

Nasal

It is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth

Plosive

The airstream cannot escape through either the mouth or nose

The sounds of language

Place of articulation

Glottal

This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but they had to put it in the chart somewhere

Velar

The active articulator = the tongue body the passive articulator = the soft palate.

Palatal

The active articulator = the tongue body the passive articulator = the hard palate.

Retroflex

The tongue tip is curled up and back

Postalveolar

The area behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator

Alveolar

The alveolar ridge as the passive articulator

Dental

The upper teeth = the passive articulator The tongue = the active articulator.

Labio-dental

The lower lip = the active articulator the upper teeth = passive articulator

Bilabial

The articulators are the two lips

Animals and Humans Language

Properties of Language

Duality

The users can produce a large combinations of sounds.

Discreteness

The sounds used in language.

Cultural Transmission

Language that must be learned by each new generation.

Productivity

Production of new expressions

Arbitrariness

connection between the nature of the ideas and combination of words

Displacement

Ability to produce a message

The Origins of Language

The physical adaptation Source

The Social Interaction Source

Language originated from song as an expressive rather than a communicative need.

The Natural Sound Source

It's the language emerged from natural sounds.

The divine Source

A divine source who provided humans with language

Morphology

FREE Morphemes

Functional

CLOSED: gramatical function.

Lexical

OPEN: can add morphemes.

Definition

Study the formation and parts of words.

BOUND Morphemes

Inflectional

Aspects of gramatical

Derivational

Change the part of a Word