Giant Panda

s

by Dhiman Akash

Organigram

by Afzal Shmile

The characteristics of living things

by Lady Moreno

iGCSE Geography

by willwilliams Williams

Plants

Effect of Temperature on Seed Germination

Good Germination (Young Shoots and Roots Present)

Little or No Germination in Most Seeds

photosynthesis

produces oxygen as a byproduct, which is importance for most life on Earth, and helps regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose

carbon dioxide molecules

air

light energy

chloroplasts

Green leaf or stem cells

sun

molecules are split

oxygen ions

oxygen molecules

hydrogen ions

Glocouse molecules

growth, reproduction and metabolic activities.

Plant Evolution

Adaptations to Terrestrial Conditions

Leaves

Cuticle

Seeds

Roots

Stem

Transition from Water to Land

Trends in Kingdom Plantae

Primary Producers in Food Chains

Utilize Visible Light for Photosynthesis

Eukaryotic

Autotrophic

Cell Wall

Alternation of Generations (reproduction)

Photosynthesis

Trends Across All Kingdoms

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Aquatic

Terrestrial

Unicellular

Multicellular

Specialized Organelles

Specialized Organs/Body Systems:

Effect of Water on Seed Germination

Some Seeds Germinate, Roots Rotting

No Germination, No Change

Started to Germinate

Roots shriveling

Germinating and Thriving

Systems

Circulatory System

Blood vessels

Veins

Vinules

Capilaeries

Arteries

Arterioles

Vasodilation

vasoconstriction

diameter

blood flow

Blood

platelet

plasma

White blood Cells

red blood cells

They are adapted to transport oxygen in high-altitude, low-oxygen environments efficiently.

Hemoglobin

have a higher affinity for oxygen to maximize uptake in thin air.

Materials

Hormones

Nutrients

lipids

carbohydrate(glocouse)

protien

The Heart

Heart Rate

Average resting heart rate

60-100 beats per minute.

Lower resting heart rate

to lower metabolic rate.

Valves

Atrioventricular valves

Semilunar valves

vessels

pulmonary Arteries

Superior and inferior vena Cava

pulmonary veins

Aorta

chamers

Atrium

left Atrium

Right Atrium

Vintricles

left vintricle

Right vintricle

Digestive system

4 Major funcation

GI tract

mouth

stomach

Less acidic environment compared to humans, as bamboo does not require strong acids for initial breakdown.

Gastoesphageal Sphincter

small intestine

large intestine

symbiotic bacteria

aid in breaking down cellulose

water

vitamens

colon

cecum

rectum

waste

anus

liver

storage

bile

gal bladder

Detoxification

alcohol and toxins

Jejunum

ileum

villi

pyloric sphincter

liquids

Enzyms

duodenum

pancreas

pancreas juice

a base

lipase

pepsin

Amylase

mucus

stomach acid

ingestion

food

esophagus

peritalsis

chemicaly

saliva

Mainly lubricates food, minimal enzyme activity

salivary glands

mechinically

teeth and tongue

digestion

absorption

egestion

body waste

Respiratory system

Human and Giant Panda respiratory system is the same because we are both mammals

Respiratory Rate

humans

Giant Panda

Gas Exchange

Body Cells

Oxygen

low temperatures

Carbon Dioxide

ventilation

Exhalation

automatic

Inhalation

process

Nose

Mouth

pharynx ( Throat)

Giant Panda has a shared pathway for both food and air.

Trachea

simlair structure

to support its vocalizations and breathing needs.

Lungs

large lunges capacity

to support its large body size and to sustain its energy needs.

Bronchi

Alveoli

Numerous, adapted for lower metabolic rate

cellular respiration

energy

Biodiversity

Taxonomy

Levels

Life

Domain

Kingdom

Pylum

Class

Aves, chonfdrichthyes, osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia and Mammalia.

bony fish

turtles, snakes and lizards

mammals

birds

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Organisims

prokaryotic

bacteria

modern bacteria

extreme environment

eukaryotic

fungi

Mushrooms, yeast and molds

phyla

Division Bryophyta

Division Pteridophyta

Division Coniferophyta

Division Anthophyta

animalia

phylum Proifera

phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

protesta

single celled

microscopic

Kingdoms

Factors

biochemistry

how energy is obtained

Cell number

anatomy

fossil records

embryonic development

cell type

protists

animalia

archaea

fungi

plantea

bacterica

Why is it important?

Nature’s Service to Humans and ecosystems

Clean water, clean air, sources of food, soil for agriculture, pollinating effect of many insects, etc.

Medicine

much of our ability to fight diseases and infections (and to find new cures) comes from organisms found all over the world.

Economic Reasons

Lumber, fishery catches, agriculture, livestock, recreation

Species Diversity

The variety of species within an ecosystem.

the health of an ecosystem

to the number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth.

Ecosystem Diversity

the range of physical shapes and sizes of habitats, and the communities in an ecosystem

Genetic Diversity

the variation of genes within the same species

Genetics

monohybrid cross

Homozygous

same alleles

Hetrozygous

different alleles

protien

chromatin

chromosomes

42 chromosomes

nucleus

cell

karyotype

molecule that is composed of two chains that coil around each other

doulbe helix shape

nucleotides

sugar

phosphate groub

'backbone'

nitrogenous base

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

reproducation

sexual

two parents

half identical

2 processes

fertilization

meiosis

2 stages

cell diviaion

meiosis 2

prophase2

metaphse2

Anaphase 2

Telophase 2

meiosis 1

prophase 1

metaphase 1

Anaphase 1

Telophase 1

off spring through live birth

humans

asexual

one parent

identical

Evolution

Hardy-Weinberg

Gene pool

small colonies

recessive

domianant

The Hardy-Weinberg equations

allele frequency stayed the same

Hardy Weinberg (H-W) conditions

huge population

isolated population (no gene flow)

no natural selection

met the conditio

no mutations

random mating

no evolution happened

allele frequency changed

evolution happeded

Evidence

comparative Anatomy

body structures of species

common ancestory

Anatomical evidence

Analogous Features

Homologous Features

vestigial features

Artificial Selection

choose wanted traits of a species

benificial

adaptable

emprylogy

development of an organism

early stages

Fossils

trace/remains

whole organisms

feces

size and weight

age

teeth

bones

cause of extintion

location/ migration

foot prinet

DNA

biogeography

geographic distribution of species

Habitation patterns

variations in distribution

non migrants

continents theory

Machenism

genetic drift

reducing

The bottleneck effect

wiped out

human actions

natural disaster

the founder effect

colonize

habitat

mutation

DNA sequence

germline

types of germline mutations

point mutations

the nitrogenous base of a DNA sequence

a base gets replace

a base gets removed

a base gets added

chromosome mutations

a whole chromosome

inherated

germ cells (egg and sperm)

Somatic

Evolution

body cells

errors during cell division

Damaged radiation/ chemicals

gene flow

allels

population's migration

genetic variation

natural selection

Directional

extreme traits

Disruptive

over 2 extreme

Sexual

female mate choice

male- male competition

Stablilising

average traits

adapted

reproduction

survival