Grammar

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GRAMMAR IV

UNREAL TIME

FORMULAIC SUBJUNCTIVE

They are fixed expressions all using subjunctive.

God save the queen!

FORMAL SUBJUNCTIVE

After the verb such as demand, insist, suggest, require which involve an implied obligation, the subjunctive may be used in formal style. This is has only one form, that of the infinitive, and there is no third person or past form. The verb be has be for all forms.

The school Principal suggested that he be awarded a schoolshirp.

SUPPOSE AND IMAGINE

Understood conditions. The conditional part of these sentence is often understood but not stated.

Suppose someone told you that I was a spy!

AS IF, AS THOUGH

Real and unreal. The verb form here depends on whether the situation is true or unreal.

The more colloquial like does not require this verb form change.

You look like you've just seen a ghost.

I feel as if an express train had hit me. (It didn't hit me)

I'D RATHER/I PREFER (FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE)

I'd rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way as wishes about the present. It expresses preference about actions.

I'd prefer can be used in the same way, but note that prefer in this type of sentence has an object it.

I'd prefer it if you didn't go.

I'd prefer is not followed by an unreal verb form in other situations.

I'd prefer tea or coffee.

I'd rather you didn't smoke in here.

WISHES

HOPE

Wishes about simple future events are expressed with hope.

I hope it doesn't (won´t) rain tomorrow.

I hope you(´ll) have a lovely time in Portugal.

PAST TIME

As with present wishes, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past. These are wishes referring to a past even, which cannot be changed.

I wish I hadn't eaten so much.

This use of wish is common after if only to express regrets.

WOULD

Would is used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change.

I wish he would change his mind and marry Jane.

I wish it would stop raining.

PRESENT/FUTURE TIME

These are wishes where you want to change a present/future state.

I wish I had a motorbike.

I wish I was going on holiday with next week.

IT'S TIME

These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal.

It's time we left.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive mood expresses wishes, conditions contrary to fact, and requests and commands.

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

The past subjunctive is hypothetical in meaning. It is used in conditional and concessive clauses and in subordinate clauses after wish and suppose.

Subjunctive were is often replaced in non-formal style by indicative was.

I wish I were. - I wish you were. - I wish he were. - I wish they were.

If I were a rich woman, I would...

I wish the journey were over.

We distiguishe two main uses of the present subjunctive.

FORMULAIC (OPERATIVE) SUBJUNCTIVE

Formulaic subjunctive is used in certain set expressions.

God save the Queen.

Heaven forbid that...

MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

The mandative subjunctive is used in a that-clause after an expression of such notions as demands, recommendation, proposal, intention.

EXAMPLE

The employees demanded that he resign.

I wish I were sitting in the bleachers at the Daystona 500.

God bless you.

IMPERATIVE

The imperative mood expresses direct requests or commands.

Feed the dog, and take out the garbage.

INDICATIVE

The indicative mood expresses statements of facts or questions.

The U.S. goverment includes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

What is the longest river in the world?

VERB

MOOD

Indicative

Imperative

Subjunctive

TENSES

Four present tenses

Four past tenses

Four Future Tenses

IDIOMS

They are groups of words in a fixed order that have a meaning that cannot be guessed by knowing the meaning of the individual words.

A BLESSING IN DISGUISE used when something seems bad or unlucky at first but results in something good happening later.

THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS used when you can enjoy the advantages or the benefits of two different things at the same time.

OUT OF HAND When a situation is not under control.

COMPOUNDS

A compound word is two or more words linked together to produce a word with a new meaning.

Car park

Post office

Shoelace

COLLOCATIONS

A collocation is a two or more words that often go together.

These collocations just sound right to native English speakers, who use them all the time.

CLAUSES

NON-FINITE

Non-finite are not bound by subject verb agreement.

Non-finite are an extension of a sentence and sometimes can be left out. Depending on the situations or context, the sentence will still make sense.

There are three kinds

3. Gerund like the present participle, a gerund also ends in -ing. But a gerund acts as a verbal noun.

Walking can be a great exercise.

2. Partiples

Perfect Participle

Having + -d/-ed/-en

Having eaten his dinner, Tom went to sleep.

Past Participle

Verb + -d/-ed

Tired, he dropped to the floor.

Present Participle

Verb + -ing

Taking the book, Sam left the library.

1. Infinite can be used as a complement of a verb or as the subject of a sentence.

To accomplish, such a task is amazing.

FINITE

Finite means bound by the tense of sentence.

Finite verbs must agree with the number and person of its subject.

EXAMPLES

He works at the office.

Since he had made his decision, he walked off.

I'll be home around ten if my train is on time.