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Modals

to express certainty

Kathy will do well on the test. (The speaker feel sure)

to express likelihood

The teacher told me I would get a better grade in the test. (past prediction)

The coach told our team will win the game. (present/future prediction).

To express willingness

I’ll have breakfast, please.

to express prohibition

You must not tell anyone my secret.

To express logical asumption

You must be happy.

To express a strong advice

You must study to improve your grade.

To express obligation

All applicants must/have to take the entrance exam.

To express ability

She can swim. She couldn't swim yesterday (past ability). She is able to swim.

To express possibility

Why wasn't Marie here. She may/might/could have been sick. (happen in the past)

He could/may/might be sick. (50% of possibilities)

Sam can't be hungry. (It is imposible)

He can arrive on time. (It is possible).

To express Lack of necessity

We do not need /have to go to class.

to give advice

I should study for the test. I ought to study for the test

to make requests

Would you pass me the salt?

To express habits

He used to be a Boy Scout. State which is not a habit in the present anymore.

My father would read me a story before bed time (past habits)