A level Psychology

The directors of a property company are looking at whether they shouldconstruct a new office building. The economy is doing well, and the amount ofvacant office space is reducing sharply. As part of their decision they decide to use the 6 Thinking Hats te

door Serik Ayazhan

the heat energy from a Bunsern Burner flame depends on the size of the air hole

door Rishi Chandarana

STAGES OF CURRICULUM CHANGE

door Katherin Pilla M.

Conformity

door Will McWhirter

Psychology

Research Methods

Other Key terms

Tables

Bar chart

Pie chart

Range

Mode

Median

Mean

Counterbalencing

Design

Matched Pairs Design

Repeated Design

Independent Design

Sample

Volunteer Sample

Random Sample

Opportunity Sample

Two tailed Hypothesis

One tailed Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis

Experiment types

Strength of relationship

Data analysis technique

Hypothesis

Scattergram

Perfect

Variables

Negative

Positive

Relationship

Self-report

Validity

Social desirability

Qualitative/quanitiative data

Fixed response question

closed question

Open question

Likert scale

Survey

Interview

Questionnaire

Observation

Replication

Time Sampling

Event Sampling

Tally

Ethics

Inter-rater reliability

Coding System

Controlled

Naturalistic

Experiment

Graphs

Measures of central tendency

Data

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable

Quasi/natural

Field

Laboratory

Social Approach

Ethics of manipulating social situations

Application of results

Laboratory experiments

Field experiments

Ethnocentric

Social rules

Our place in soceity

Influence of others

Reicher and Haslam

commune

breakout

saliva swabs

psychometric tests

observation/recordings

uniforms

interventions

Role allocation

BBC

Priosen experiment

Milgram

debriefed

66% obeyed

stress, nervous laughter

verbal 'prods'

450 volts

word pairs

shock generator

Fixed role. teacher

Holocaust

Piliavin

Cost/benefits and arousal theory

Cane helped more

Males helped

Race

Observers

Model

Victim - cane/drunk

New York Subway

Kitty Genovese

Bystander intervention

Cognitive Approach

application of findings

developlemt of thinking

practical applications

Computer analogy

Thought proccess

Information Processing

Inferred Bhehaviour

Savage-Rumbaugh et al

Travel in forest

Formal testing

Productive receptive abilities

Indoor enviroment

Naturalistic enviroment

Maikia

Spontaneous use

Lexigraph

Kanzi

Baron-Cohen et al

Table results

3. Tourette's Syndrome = 20.4 (mean score on eyes task)

2. Control ('normal') = 20.3 (mean score on eyes task)

1. Autism/Asperger's = 16.3 (mean score on eyes task)

No difference between Group 2 and Group 3 on eyes task

Group 1 scored much lower on eyes task than the other 2 groups

Strange stories task used to test concurrent validity of the eyes task

Asked "Which word best describes what this person is feeling or thinking"

Forced to choose between 2 emotions

Shown for 3 seconds

Eyes task

25 standardised photos of eyes

Black and White

Quasi experiment

3 groups

10 Participants

Assumed to have normal IQ

Drawn from general population of Cambridge

50 Participants

25 female

25 male

Mean IQ of 105.3

12 with Asperger's syndrome

4 with high fuctioning autism

3 female

13 male

16 participants

Provide more support for the cognitive explanation of autism

eye task meant describing the emotion displayed by eyes

The theory of mind test used was the eye test

That autistic adults lack theory of mind skills.

Keywords

Impaired theory of mind

Basic emotion recognition

Gender recognitition task

Tourette

Asperger's

Autism

Loftus and Palmer

Study 2

Conclusions

Loftus and Palmer suggests there are two types of information for memory

2. Information we get after the event

1. Information from perceiving the event

Post event information distorts actual memory

Supports Study 1

Wording of question affected the participants memory of the event.

Smashed = more than twice as likley to see glass

Stats

Control

6/50

7/50

16/50

One Week later all subjects asked again

Did you see any broken glass?

Groups

Group 3

Not asked (Control)

Group 2

How fast were the cars going when they hit eachother

Group 1

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other

Procedure similar to study 1

Three groups of 50

150 students

Study 1

Conclusion

2. Responce Bias - demand characteristics

1. Verb distorts actual memorey

Results

The worse sounding the verb = the faster speed estimate

Method

Estimate of speed

Verb used in question

Five differrent verbs (one per condition)

Contacted

Hit

Bumped

Collided

Smashed

critical question was ''about how fast were the cars going when they ***** each other

asked to complete a questionnaire

Asked to write a short account of what they had seen

Seven clips of traffic accidents

Laboratory Experiment

Participants

Five groups of nine

45 students

Aim

Will the use of more severe sounding verbs to describe an accident leade participants?

Be more likley to (incorrectly) recall the presence of broken glass?

Produce a higher estimate of speed??

To investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Key words

post-event information

'smashed' increased recall

broken glass

memory structure

verbs

Films of accidents

Students

Laboratory experiment

Eye witness testimony

Individual Differences Approach

Psychometric testing

Culture

Subjective unusual samples

Quantitiative and Qualitiative data

Applications to everyday life

Individuals

Uniqueness

Abnormality

Atypical behaviour

Thigpen and Cleckly

Multiple Personality disorder

Electroencephalograph

Jane

Interviews

Projective tests

Psychometric tests

Eve black

Letter

Eve white

Rosenhan

depersonalisation

stickiness of lables

interpretation of behaviour

Lack of contact

Patients rated as pseudo patients

Type 1 and type 2 errors

Diagnosis

Schizophrenia

Pseudopatients

Griffiths

Hindsight bias

Irrational verbalisations

Gamblers continued

Content analysis

Behavioual meaures

Thinking aloud

£3

Volunteer sample

Fruit machines

Gamblers

Physiological Approach

small atypical samples

Low ecological validity

Objective

controlled

Scientific

Experimental method

Simplified explanations

Nature

Brain structures

Biological

Dement and Kleitman

Content of dream

Direction of dream length

Estimation of dream length

Tape recorder

Recall of dreams

Bell

EEG

Rapid Eye Movement sleep

Sleep

Maguire et al

Control group

Cause and effect

Correlation

Right hippocampus

Posterior hippocampus (back end)

MRI scan/pixel count

'The Knowledge'

spatial memory

Hippocampus

Taxi drivers

Sperry

No communication, hemispheres

Left Language

Tactile tasks

Language centre

Brain Hemispheres

Visual fields

Epilespy

Corpus callosum

Developmental Approach

samples lack represntativesness

difficult to isolate one factor in development

children as participants

experimental method

development in stages

behaviour learned

applied to everyday life

Early experences influence

Samuel and Bryant

Two questions influences answer

conservation of number before

Conservation increases with age

Number/volume/mass

Fixed array

One question

Age

Conservation

Piaget's theory

Bandura

Inhibition of aggression

Non-imitative aggression

Gender differences

Observed

Arousal

Bobo doll

Witnessed Model

Matched Pairs

Nursery children

Imitation of aggression

Freud

Key terms

Resolved conflict

Witnessed horse fall

Giraffe dreams

Phobia of horses/father

Castration/widdler obsessed

Oedipal conflict

Phallic stage

Little Hans

Case study

The content revolves around various research methods and key concepts in psychology, focusing on different types of hypotheses and experimental designs. It delves into ethical considerations and the significance of choosing appropriate samples and designs for research.