Biology 311C

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Macromolecules and other things inside cells

DNA

Transcription

DNA to mRNA

Translation

Produces Proteins

Codon table. More than one codon sequences can make the same protein

A set of 3 codons codes for one protein

mRNA to protein

Replication

Needs certain polymerases, an origin of replicaton, replication fork, etc.

DNA to DNA

Can be seen in the form of Chromosomes

Nucleosomes and histones are responsible for giving chromosomes their curly shape; they increase the surface area

Made of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds

Nucleotides include Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

Stands for: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Cell

Phosphlipid Bilayer

Hydrophobic (water repelling) tails

Hydrophillic (water loving) head

Organelles

Subtopic

Extracellular matrix

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Protein Synthesis

Mitochondria

contains own DNA

provides energy for the cell for processes

Powerhouse of the cells

Vacuoles

Golgi Apparatus

Nucelus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Division

Meiosis

Makes gametes

Forms four haploid cells

Mitosis

Makes somatic cells

Forms two diploid cells

Proteins

Other Cell

Contains the same DNA of all of the other cells

Transport proteins

Separated by different junctions

Cell Signaling through membranes

Sends out signals to other cells to make proteins amongst other thngs

Plant

Cell Wall

Organelles different from Animal cell include:

Choloroplasts

Double Membrane

Stroma

Thylakoid

Granum

Prokaryotic Cells

Single Cellular Organism

May contain extra DNA in plasmids

Do not have a membrane bound nucleus

Ex. Bacteria

Can have flagellum or cilia

Water

Chemical Formula: H2O

Oxygen Ions

Hydrogen ions

Connected by hydrogen bonds

Can exist in different states of matter