GRAMMAR REVIEW

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GRAMMAR REVIEW

PRESENT TENSE

• Example: "I have been working all day."

• Use: To describe actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future. It emphasizes the duration of the action.

• Structure: Subject + have/has + been + present participle (verb + -ing)

4. Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect Progressive):

• Example: "They have visited Paris."

• Use: To describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past, actions that have relevance to the present, and experiences in life.

• Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb

3. Present Perfect:

• Example: "I am reading a book."

• Use: To describe actions that are happening right now, actions in progress, and future actions that have been planned.

• Structure: Subject + am/is/are + present participle (verb + -ing)

2. Present Continuous (Present Progressive):

• Example: "She works in a bank."

• Use: To describe habitual actions, general truths, scheduled events, and facts.

• Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (+s for third person singular)

1. Present Simple:

CONDITIONALS AND MODALS

Modals are auxiliary verbs that express the mood or attitude of the speaker toward the action or state of the main verb. Some common modals in English include can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to.

Modals:

• Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."

• Use: Used to express a condition that is impossible because it didn't happen in the past.

• Structure: If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle of the verb

4. Third Conditional:

• Example: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."

• Use: Used to express an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its result.

• Structure: If + Past Simple, would + base form of the verb

3. Second Conditional:

• Example: "If it rains, I will stay at home."

• Use: Used to express a possible condition and its likely result in the future.

• Structure: If + Present Simple, will + base form of the verb

2. First Conditional:

• Example: "If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils."

• Use: Used to express general truths or facts that are always true.

• Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple

1. Zero Conditional:

Conditionals are sentences that express a condition and its result or consequence. They are often categorized into different types, which are as follows:

Conditionals:

INFINITIVE

An infinitive structure in English consists of the word "to" followed by the base form of a verb, serving various functions, including as a verb phrase, subject, object, and more.

Passive Voice: In passive voice sentences, the focus is on the action and the receiver of the action rather than the doer of the action. Passive voice is often used when the doer of the action is not as important, unknown, or when you want to emphasize the receiver of the action.

FUTURE GOING TO & WILL

THE ‘SIMPLE PAST TENSE’, ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY, IS DEFINED AS “THE FORM OF A VERB USED TO AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE PRESENT TIME AND IS NO HAPPENING. IT IS USUALLY MADE BY ADDING -ED.

DIFFERENCE

ANDREA WILL GO WITH ME TO THE CONCERT

I AM GOING TO PRESENTE MY FINAL EXAMS TOMORROW

EXAMPLES:

Nouns: Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They are often the subject or object of a sentence and can be concrete (e.g., cat, house) or abstract (e.g., love, idea).

Adverbs: Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about the manner, frequency, time, place, degree, or reason of an action. For example, "She quickly ran to the store."

Relative Pronouns: Relative pronouns are words like who, which, that, whom, and whose that introduce relative clauses. They link the clause to the noun it describes.

Relative Clauses: Relative clauses are a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun in a sentence. They start with a relative pronoun (such as who, which, that) or a relative adverb (such as where, when). For example, "The book that I'm reading is interesting."

Articles: Articles are a type of determiner, and they include "a," "an," and "the." "A" and "an" are indefinite articles, while "the" is a definite article.

Pronouns: Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns in sentences to avoid repetition. Common pronouns include he, she, it, they, we, you, me, him, her, etc.

Determiners: Determiners are words that come before nouns to provide more information about them. They can include articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, that, these, those), quantifiers (some, many, a few), possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), and more.

PAST TENSE

PAST PERFECT WHAT IS? THE PAST PERFECT IS USED IN THE SAME WAY AS THE PRESENT PERFECT, BUT IT REFERS TO A TIME IN THE PAST, NOT THE PRESENT.

PAST CONTINUOUS WHAT IS? THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE, DESCRIBES ONGOING ACTIONS IN THE PAST,IT USES THE SAME CONSTRUCTION AS THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE EXCEPT WITH THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB TO BE.

PAST SIMPLE WHAT IS? THE ‘SIMPLE PAST TENSE’, ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY, IS DEFINED AS “THE FORM OF A VERB USED TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE PRESENT TIME AND IS NO LONGER HAPPENING. IT IS USUALLY MADE BY ADDING -ED.”

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