Immunity to infection &Immunomodulation and Vaccine

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Immunity to infection &Immunomodulation and Vaccine

Immunomodulation and Vaccine

Factors that Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

stimulate migration of the DCs to lymph nodes where T cells are located

increase the expression of costimulators (signal 2) and cytokines

express more MHC molecules that are part of the antigen (signal 1) that T cells recognize

Vaccine

Classification

Developing vaccine in the future

Recombinant vector vaccines

using a virus or bacterium from one disease essentially acts as a delivery device for an immunogenic protein from another infectious agent

DNA vaccines

DNA coding for a particular antigen

Subunit Vaccines

Recombinant vaccines

Produced through recombinant DNA technology

human papillomaviruses (HPVs)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Conjugated vaccines

taken from the outside layer of encapsulated bacteria and join the molecules to carrier proteins

Polysaccharide vaccines

taken from the outside layer of encapsulated bacteria

Toxoid vaccines

Use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease.

tetanus

Diptheria

Whole-Pathogen Vaccines

Inactivated vaccines

Produced by killing the pathogen with chemicals, heat or radiation

Live-attenuated vaccines

a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the laboratory

Immunology of Vaccination

Comparison of Passive and Active Immunizations

Passive immunization

Obtained passively,no participation

Active or passive immunization

Produced actively by the host immune system

Protective immunity can be achieved by active or passive immunization.

Immunomodulation

meaning

Modifying the immune response

Immunity to infection

Parasitic infection

Tissue damage

Physiologic effect

- Giardia spp. -> malabsorption - Diphyllobotrium latum->pernecious anemia

Mechanical obstruction

- Ascaris lumbricoides or tapeworms->intestinal obstruction - Filarial parasites->obstruct the flow of lymph through lymphatics

viral infection

- Obligate intracellular organism - Specific receptor-ligands binding

Immune response against bacterial infection

Extracellular bacteria

-Staphylococcus aureus->Inflammation, Pus -Gram –ve bacteria -Ig production as neutralizing Abs

Intracellular bacteria

- Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Immune responses to intracellular bacteria

Adaptive immunity

- Activation of T cell -> (mainly Th1) resulted in macrophage activation

Innate immunity

- Activated macrophage demonstrated the increasing killing activity

- Secreted IL-2 by infected macrophage sense NK cell activation and secretion of IFN-g resulted in macrophage activation

Immune privilege sites

able to tolerate the introduction of antigens without eliciting an inflammatory immune response

Microfold (M) cells

and can be exploited by pathogens as an entry portal to invade the host

capable of transporting luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissues