Categorieën: Alle - environment - entropy - system - interaction

door Krishnan Subramanian 13 jaren geleden

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Information System Concepts

Information systems can be classified into various types based on their interaction with the environment and their behavior. These systems are either closed or open. Closed systems do not interact with external changes and tend to move towards disorder, known as increasing entropy.

Information System Concepts

Information System Concepts

Information

Attributes of Information

Rate

Adequacy
Value of Information
Transperancy
Quality
Validity
Reliability
Completeness
Frequency
Rate
Decay
Mode and Format
Purpose
Availablity

System Environment

System Stress and System Change
Supra Syatem
Subsystem
Standards
Slack and Flexible Resources
Inventory Buffer - Waiting Lines
Charecteristics-Sub Systems

Decoupling

Simplification

Decomposition

Interfaces

Sub System

System Boundary
System Definition

General Model of a System

Feedback
Output
Information flowing

Out of the System

Storage
Holding information

Use at Later date

Processing
Manipulating Input

More Useful Form

Input
Data Flowing

Into System

From Outside

Definition of a System

Human System, Busines system, Computer Based Information System
Accomplish some common purpose or Goal
Operate Collectively
Set of Interrelated and Interdependant Elements

Types of system

Classification
Working / Output

Probabilistic

Average Demand, Average time for replenishment, Instructions given to human

Certain Degree of Error attache to what system will do

Probable Behaviour

Deterministic

Computer Program according to set of instructions

Description of - given point plus description

Next state known with certainity

Interaction amongst the parts - Known certainity

Predictable Manner

Degree of Human Intervention

Automated

Reasons - computers

Quck decision making - Tools - For decsion making

quick - effiecient transportation of Data

Quick Retrieval of information on query

Quick and accurate processing of Data

Storing Enormous Volume of Data

Handling Huge Volumes of Data

Not 100% automated

to carry out all the tasks

Computers or Microprocessors are used

Manual

Final Reporting

Maintanance

Data Collection

Carried out by Human Efforts

Elements

Physical

Parts interact to achieve Objective

Display activity/ Behavior

Accomplish Objective

Weapons System

Operate Together

Transportation System

Tangeable Elements

Circulatory Systems

Abstract

Interdependant Ideas or Constructs

Orderly Arrangement

Conceptual or Model

Ideas about god

Interactive Behavior

Closed

Movement to disorder is is increase in ENTROPY

Decay or disordered or disorganized

Negative ENTEROPY - Maintanance

to repair replenish and maintain system

Inputs of Matter and Energy

Offsetting increase in entropy

Disorder in a system

Quantitative Measure

Finally Run down or disorganized

does not change with change in environment

Does not Interact with change in Systems

Open

Influenced by elements outside system Boundary

Change in environment - Change in system

taking Input - Returning Output

Interacts freely with environment

Introduction

Information Systems

Types of Information Systems
Information System - Categories

Office Automation Systems

Building Blocks - OAS

Teleconferencing and Video Conferencing Systems

Electronic Message Communication Systems

Voice Mail

Fascimile (Fax)

Electronic Mail

Features

Economical

Portability

Integration with other Information Systems

Broadcasting and Re-routing

Online Development and Editing

Electronic Transmissions

Electronic Document Management Systems

Text Processors and related systems

Benefits - OAS

Types of Operations

Recording Utilization of Resources

Calculations

Filling, Search, Retrieval and Follow up

Receipts and Distrubution

Document Creation

Document Capture

Management Support Systems

Types of MSS

Expert Systems

Components - ESS

User Interface

Knowledge Accquisitiion Sub - System

Inference Engine

Knowledge Base

Expert System Development - Potential Qualification

Structure

Expertise

Domain

Complexity

Availability

Benifits - Expert Systems

Need - Expert Systems

Business Applications

General Business

Accounting and Finance

Executive Information System

Executive Decision Making Environment

Contents - EIS

Differntiate between EIS and Traditional Information Systems

Charecteristics of Types of Information used for decision Making

Low Level of Detail

Informal Source

Future Orientation

High Degree of Uncertainity

Lack of structure

Executive Roles and Decision Making

Fire Fighting

Tactical Planning

Strategic Planning

Charecteristics - EIS

Definition - Executives

Definition - EIS

Decision Support System

Examples - DSS - Accounting

General Decision Support System

Budget Variance Analysis System

Capital Budgeting System

Cost Accounting System

Components of DSS

Model Base

Planning Languages

Special Purpose Planning Languages

General Purpose Planning Languages

Levels of Implementation

External Level

Logical Level

Physical Level

The user

Staff Specialists (Analysts)

Manager

Charecteristics

Ease of Learning and use

Flexibility to adapt to changing needs

Semi structured and Unstructured Decisions

incl Programmed Decision Systems

Operation Support Systems

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

Limitations - ERP System

Benefits - ERP System

Flexibility in Business Operations

Enhanced Customer Satisfaction

Decentralized Decision Making

Proactive Decision Making

Lower Operating Costs

Better use of Organizational Resources

Features - ERP System

Charecteristics - ERP System

Best Business Practices

Modular and Open

Flexible

Myths of ERP System

Integration of Various Business processes

Consolidation of Business Operations

Personnel

Finance

Marketing

Quality Control

Maintanance

Production

Business System

Objectives

Management Information Systems

Limitations - MIS

Effects of using Computers - MIS

More Comprehensive Information

Increases the effectiveness of Information systems

Integrates the working of different Information systems

Complexity of system design and operation increased

Scope of Analysis widened

Speed of processing and retrieval of data increases

Constraints - Operating an MIS

Prerequisites - MIS

Evaluation - MIS

Control and Maintanance of MIS

Support of Top Management

Qualified System and Management Staff

Database

Misconceptions - MIS

Charecteristics - Effective MIS

Computerized

Common Database

Sub System Concept

Heavy Planning Component

Common Data Flows

Integrated

Management Directed

Management Oriented

Functions

Information Use

Determination of Information needs

Data Gathering and Processing

Evaluation Indexing and abstraction

Desimination

Systems

Information

Management

Transaction Processing Systems

TPS - Features

Sources of Input for Other Systems

Benefits are easily measurable

Automation of Basic Operations

Large Volume of Data

TPS - Components

Outputs

Storage

Processing

Inputs

Definition and Activities

Information System Levels

Supervisory Level Management

Operational Data

Midlle Level Management

Tactical Level

Top Level Management

Strategic Level

Computer Based Information Systems
Areas - Computer Based Applications

Human Resource Management

Inventory / Stock management

Manufacturing

Marketing and Sales

Finance and Accounting

Components

People

Procedures

Data

Software

Hardware

Definition
Factors - Information Requirement
Level of Management Activity

Operational Level or Supervisory Level

Tactical level or Middle Level

Strategic Level or Top Level

Types of Decision Making

Non-Programmed Decisions

Programmed Decisions

Operational Function

Types of Information Systems

External Information
Internal Information