Photosynthesis

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Cellular Respiration

𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6 + 6𝑂2→ 6𝐶𝑂2+ 6𝐻2𝑂 + energy in the form of ATP

Electron transport chain/chesmiosis

NADH dehydrogenase enzyme take electrons from NADH, protons from NADH get moved into matrix, energy powers 2 proton pumps to move H+ ions into inter membrane space

Ubiquinone takes electrons from FADH2, it carries electrons to proton pump to force more H+ into inter membrane space

Cytochrome C takes electrons to last proton pump, electron energy pumps H+ into intermembrane space, some energy lost to heat, creates an electrochemical gradient across membrane

Electrons have low energy from pumping H+, water is created when oxygen accepts these electrons and binds to 2H+

H+ channel proteins in membrane let H+ come into matrix creating kinetic energy with their movement creating ATP

Potential energy

Returns to Krebs cycle

FADH2

Reenters Krebs cycle

Krebs cycle

Twice

Acetyl-CoA

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Citrate

Isocitrate

A-ketoglutarate

Succinyl-CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

Product

Reactant

Pyruvate oxidation

CO2 molecule removed from each 3-carbon pyruvate molecule

NAD+ oxidizes each 3-carbon pyruvate molecule, addition of two electrons and protons creates NADH and H+, leftover products create acetic acid

acetyl-CoA is created when coenzyme A bonds to acetic acid

Glycolysis

Anaerobic reaction

2 ATP consumed to be used later

6-carbon glucose molecule into 2 3-carbon molecules (G3P using 2 ATP after fourth reaction

Production of 2 NASH and 4 ATP + both G3P converted into 2 2-carbon pyruvate molecules

Redox

Via chesmiosis

All the time

Carbohydrates

Mitochondria

A double cell membrane

Thylakoid membrane

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Carbon dioxide and water

Glucose and oxygen

Chemical bonds

Energy released

Photosynthesis

Types

C4

Carbon fixed into four carbon atoms

Do better in hot, dry climates

CAM

Photorespiration

Completing C4 pathway at night time, Calvin cycle during day time

Very efficient in hot, dry weather

Temporal seperation

C3

Rubisco to fix CO2 to RuBP (3 Carbon atom), making 2 G3P

Does not do well in hot, dry area, less efficient when higher rate of photorespiration is required

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light-independent reactions

During regeneration of RuBP, the 5 G3P that are not used to make carbohydrates combine with 3 phosphates and 3 ATP to create 3 RuBP molecules

Regeneration

Cycle to repeat itself

A phosphate group from ATP from light dependent reactions is added to each PGA molecule to make PGAP

PGAP goes through a reduction reaction powered by NADPH from previous reactions to make G3P

One G3P leaves, 5 stay to power cycle again

Produces carbohydrates

Glucose and Fructose

Sucrose and starch

In carbon fixation, RuBP carboxylase catalyzes an exergonic reaction between 3 ribulose molecules and 3 CO2 molecules to create an unstable compound that splits into six total 2-phosphoglycerate, cycle happens six times for each glucose molecule

Calvin cycle

Light dependent reactions

Transformation of light energy into chemical energy

NADH

NADPH created when NADP reductase uses electron energy to attach H+ to NADP+

ATP

Chesmiosmosis from proton motive force created by concentration difference between storm and lumen side

ATP synthase

Transfer of light energy

During photolysis, photosystem 680 removes electrons from H2O to release H+ ions

Chesmiosmotic gradient created by pumping protons into lumen of thylakoids

Photosystem II transfers electrons to photosystem I, along a pathway from plasoquinone to 6-f complex to pastocynanin

Electron transport chain

Ferrodoxin transfers electrons to NADP reductase

Diffuses out of chloroplast

Capture of light energy

Electrons in chlorophyll molecules attached to thylakoid membrane absorb a photon of light energy

Electron charged and moves from chlorophyll a to another pigment, electron passed along Antenna system to reaction centre

Primary electron acceptor captures electron, oxidizing reaction centre

Contains two arrangements of pigments and proteins

Photosystem 700, used second

Photosystem 680, used first

Light reactions

In the presence of sunlight

Chloroplasts

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

Reflecting colour wavelengths that are not absorbed

Energy stored