The Arts of Living Things

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The Arts of Living Things

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The mechanism that drives evolution is "Natural Selection"

EVOLUTION:

What is Evolution? - YouTube

Darwin's Finches:

The Theory of Evolution (by Natural Selection) | Cornerstones Education - YouTube

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EVOLUTION

Types of evolution....

Coevolution

Convergent evolution

Divergent evolution

Adaptive radiation

What produces evolutionary changes independently of natural selection?

Founder effect

Bottlenecks

Genetic drift

Types of natural selection...

Sexual selection

Stabilizing selection

Disruptive selection

Directional selection

Scientists came up with different beliefs...

Theories:

Theory of Evolution: How did Darwin come up with it? - BBC News - YouTube

Charles Darwin- traveled to "Galapagos Island" & found a remarkable population of plants, birds and reptiles!

Types of evidence: -Biogeography -Homologous & Analogous features -Vestigial features -Competition within populations

**Survival of the fittest**

Charles Lyell- "Theory of Uniformitarianism"

Georges Cuvier- "Theory of Catastrophism"

Chevalier de Lamarck- mechanisms of "Use & Disuse"/ "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"

Erasmus Darwin- believed organisms change over time.

Carl Linnaeus- classification system.

Buffon- observed anatomical features (with no purpose).

Aristotle- living things are "Immutable"

Mutations create new genetic information and add genetic diversity.

Mutations:

Mutations (Updated) - YouTube

Breeders can't create traits that do not already exist within the population.

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Artificial selection is limited by genetic variability within the breeding population.

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Mutations occur by: -Substitution -Insertion -Deletion

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Genetic diversity must be present for nature to favor some individuals over others.

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Nutrients are the chemicals that an organism needs in order to grow, build an and repair tissues and to produce energy.

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SYSTEMS

Circulatory system

Circulatory System:

Circulatory System and Pathway of Blood Through the Heart - YouTube

Pathway of Blood:

1. superior vena cava or inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve- (semilunar valve)
6. pulmonary artery (goes to lungs)
7. pulmonary vein
8. left atrium
9. bicuspid valve (left AV valve)
10. left ventricle
11. aortic valve (semilunar valve)
12. aorta

Blood pressure:

Diastolic Pressure (heart relaxes)

Systolic Pressure (heart contracts)

Types of blood vessels:

Capillaries: -connect arteries/arterioles to vein/venules -provides oxygen & nutrients to the cell

**The smallest vessel**

Veins: -carries blood towards the heart - usually deoxygenated

**Exception pulmonary vein**

Arteries: -carries blood away from the heart -usually oxygenated

**Exception pulmonary artery**

-Vasodilation -Vasoconstriction

Composition of blood:

Platelets: -control blood clotting process

White blood cells: -Attack bacteria & other invaders

Red blood cells: -carry oxygen -contain hemoglobin

Blood plasma: -antibodies/proteins -nutrients/wastes

Main function:

Carries wastes from cells

Transports essential nutrients to the cells

Transports carbon dioxide from cells to the lung

Transports oxygen to the cells from the lung

Respiratory System

Respiratory System:

Respiratory System - YouTube

Structure of the lungs:

A breathing system for bringing-rich air to the respiratory membrane

**Mechanism of ventilation** ----> Exhalation & Inhalation

Vital capacity

Residual volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Total lung capacity

Tidal volume

A good supply of blood

A large surface area for gas exchange

**Gas exchange happens in the alveoli**

Thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur

**Pneumothorax causes the lungs to collapse** ----->Difficulty breathing

Digestion in the body

Digestive system:

Digestive System - YouTube

Ingestion takes you to:

Egestion: -Anus is where the stool is released

Absorption: -Small intestine is where most digestion happens (villi found) -Large intestine is where the undigested particles are found

Digestion: -Physical and chemical (amylase) -Bolus forms and goes down the esophagus (peristalsis) -Stomach churns and mixes food particles with gastric juice(mucus found in gastric juice for protection) -Liver produces bile, but gallbladder stores it (pancreas releases hormones and enzymes that'll help the breakdown of proteins)

Nutrients:

The 6 Nutrients:

How The Six Basic Nutrients Affect Your Body - YouTube

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Minerals

Critical in the formation of bone

Build & repair tissues

Vitamins

Water or fat soluble

Regulates cell function, growth & development within our bodies

Water

Need to digest food/ get rid of waste products/ chemical reactions

The body is made of 55% to 60%

Lipids

Help in the absorption of vitamins

Concentrated source of energy

Proteins

Composed of many amino acids

Building blocks of body

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Main source of energy

Metabolic rate depends on:

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-Body size -Sex -Physical Activity -Age -Hereditary factors

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"Cells" divide for growth, development, repair and the formation of gametes.

GENETICS:

DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Traits: An Intro to Heredity - YouTube

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GENETICS

DNA molecule: -Double helix -Twisted ladder

-Thymine(T) & Adenine(A) are complementary bases. -Guanine(G) & Cytosine(C) are complementary bases.

Pedigree charts are used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition.

-Affected female (colored circle) -Affected male (colored square)

Sex linkage is the passing of traits found on the X chromosome. **Y chromosome carries no information**

Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked trait.

Type O blood is the universal donor.

Type AB blood is the universal recipient

Incomplete dominance is a blending of traits.

Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed.

Dihybrid crosses are crosses between individuals who differ in two pairs of alleles (usually 9:3:3:1)

A monohybrid punnet square codes for one trait.

Dominant alleles may prevent the expression of recessive alleles.

-Homozygous dominant: TT -Homozygous recessive: tt -Heterozygous: Tt

-Female-sex chromosomes are homologous (XX) -Male-sex chromosomes are non-homologous (XY)

Karyotypes are used to view abnormalities (stain, viewed & photographs under a microscope)

Abnormalities could either be monosomy or trisomy non-disjunction.

In meiosis- produce four genetically different, haploid(n) reproductive cells.

Meiosis:

Meiosis (Updated) - YouTube

Two cell divisions; eight steps; reduce # of chromosomes by half; in testes-spermatogenesis/ in ovaries-oogenesis

Anaphase I, sister chromatids do NOT separate.

Metaphase I, homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate.

Meiosis I, involves synapsis, crossing over, formation of tetrads

Asexual reproduction=identical offspring from single parent (mitosis) Sexual reproduction=genetically variable offspring (meiosis)

Mitosis has 3 phases: 1)Interphase 2)Mitosis 3)Cytokinesis

Cloning is the process of forming identical offspring from a single cell or tissue.

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Asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, fragmentation

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Mitosis: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Mitosis:

Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Updated) - YouTube

Genetic information is stored in DNA molecules within the chromosome cells.

-Somatic cells are any cell in the body except sperm & egg cells. - 46 chromosomes -----> 2 sets of 23 chromosomes (diploid)

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-Sex cells are the egg & sperm cells. -23 chromosomes -----> 1 set of 23 chromosomes (haploid)

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The biological species concept defines "species" as a population of individuals that are able to freely breed under natural conditions.

BIODIVERSITY:

Biodiversity 101 - YouTube

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BIODIVERSITY

Animals could be vertebrates or invertebrates.

Animal adaptations:

Animal Adaptations for Kids, Learn about physical, life cycle, and behavioral adaptations of animals - YouTube

Most animals are protostomes.

-Radial (jellyfish, starfish) -Bilateral (human)

Plants evolved from green algae (charophytes), multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, most terrestrial, cell wall made of cellulose etc.

Adaptation of plants:

Plant Structure and Adaptations - YouTube

4 main groups: -Bryophytes -Pteridophytes -Gymnosperms -Angiosperms

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, majority multicellular (yeast-unicellular), bodies are mesh-like (composed of mycelium), not photosynthetic.

What are fungus?

Fungus | Microorganism | Introduction to Fungus | What are Fungi | Biological Classification- Fungi - YouTube

-Major decomposers -Plants rely on fungi for nutrients -Responsible for cycling through biosphere

Asexual repro. by dispersing spores

Protists are the most diverse group!

What are protists?

Kingdom of Protista - YouTube

Were the first eukaryotes (endosymbiotic/ folding/ mitochondria & chroloplast).

Can be: Animal-like (amoeba) Plant-like (algae) Fungus-like (slime moulds)

Binary-fission (asexual) Conjugation (sexual)

Viruses are non-living

What are viruses?

Viruses (Updated) - YouTube

Two ways for a virus to reproduce: lytic cycle & lysogenic cycle.

Eubacteria & Archae are difficult to distinguish because of small size and lack of internal structure.

Similarities & Differences between Bacteria and Archae:

Difference between Bacteria and Archaea - YouTube

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Prokaryotes: a single-celled organism that does not contain membrane bound organelles.

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They can be identified by cell shape, cell wall and movement.

-Bacteria have cilia, flagellum to help them move.

-Gram negative (purple) -Gram positive (pink)

Reproduce asexually by Binary Fission Reproduce sexually by Conjugation

Eukaryotes: any organism whose cells contain organelles; multicellular.

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Binomial Nomenclature: *Two name system (genus-species)*

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Traditional Taxonomic ranks: -Domain -Kingdom -Phylum -Class -Order -Family -Genus -Species

All living things are descended from a common ancestor.

6 Kingdoms of Life: Eubacteria/Archae/Protists/ Fungi/Plants/Animals

Ways to consider biodiversity: -Genetic diversity -Species -Structural diversity

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Ways to classify species: -Morphology -Behaviour -Geographic location

Loss of biodiversity means: -threatened food supply -eliminates sources of natural medecine -economic impact on tourism & forestry-cause disruption in biogeochemical cycles.