Categorieën: Alle - membranes - spores - plants - ancestor

door Ridham Patel 4 jaren geleden

253

Vertebrates

The text explores the evolutionary lineage and shared characteristics of various life forms, starting from a universal ancestor. It discusses the significance of DNA as a genetic storage medium and the role of ester bonds in cell membranes.

Vertebrates

Universal Ancestor* DNA as Genetic Storage* Ester Bonds in Cell Membranes

Common Ancestorof Archaea and Eukarya* Histones Present

Eukarya* Presence of Membrane-Bound Nucleus* Presence of Membrane-Bound Organelles
Unikonta

Opisthokonta* Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells* Absorptive heterotrophy

Common ancestor ofFungi and Nucleariids

Nucleariids

Nucleariid(Nuclearia thermophila)

Fungi* Multicellularity* Chitin cell wall* Zygotic life cycle

Fly Agaric(Amanita muscaria)

Black Bread Mold(Rhizopus stolonifer)

Common ancestor ofAnimalia and Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates(Desmarella moniliformis)

Animalia* Multicellularity* Mobility* Gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa* Tissues

Bilateria* Bilateral symmetry* Triploblasty* Cephalization

Protostomia* Spiral and determinate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the mouth

Ecdysozoa* Ecdysis

Arthropoda* Modified appendages that are jointed and come in pairs

Common ancestor ofHexapoda and Crustacea(Pancrustaceans)

Crustacea* Highly specialized appendages* Two pairs of antennae

Chesapeake Blue Crab(Callinectes sapidus)

Hexapoda* Have wings without sacrificing any legs

Monarch butterfly(Danaus plexippus)

Chelicerata* Clawlike feeding appendages which serves as pincers or fangs

Southern Black Widow(Latrodectus mactans)

Nematoda* Roundworms

Roundworm(Caenorhabditis elegans)

Lophotrochozoa* Trochophore larvae* Lophophore

Platyhelminthes* Flatworms* Acoelomates *blind gut

Rhabditophorans* Fresh water and marine species

Free-living Rhabditophorans

Pseudobiceros sp.

Cestoda* Parasites

Pork Tapeworm(Taenia solium)

Trematoda* Parasites

Sheep Liver Fluke(Fasciola hepatica)

Common ancestorof Annelida and Mollusca

Mollusca* Soft-bodied organisms with hard protective shells

Bivalva* Shell divided into two hinged halves

Soft Shell Clam(Mya arenaria)

Cephalopoda* Foot has become modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and part of the tentacles* No hard shell

Humboldt squid(Dosidicus gigas)

Gastropoda* Move at a snail's pace by a rippling motion of their foot or by means of cilia

Golden Apple Snail(Pomacea canaliculata)

Annelida* Body resembles a series of fused rings

Common Earthworm(Lumbricus terrestris)

Deuterostomia* Radial and indeterminate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the anus

Common Ancestor ofHemichordata and Echinodermata

Echinodermata* Water vascular system

Holothuroidea* Lack spines

California sea cucumber(Apostichopus californicus)

Echinoidea* No arms

Purple Sea Urchin(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Ophiuroidea* Flexible arms

Serpent Star(Ophiura ophiura)

Asteroidea* Arms with tube feet that resemble suction cups

Giant Sea Star(Pisaster giganteus)

Chordata* Notochord* Hollow dorsal nerve cord* Post anal tail* Pharyngeal slits

Cephalochordata* Lancelets

Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Cnidaria* Radial symmetry* Diploblasty

Common ancestor ofHydrozoa and Scyphozoa

Hydrozoa* Alternate between the polyp and medusa forms

Pennaria disticha

Scyphozoa* Produce a medusa(jellies)

Moon Jelly(Aurelia aurita)

Anthozoa* Occur only as polyps(sea anemones and corals)

Elkhorn coral(Acropora palmata)

Porifera

Giant Barrel Sponge(Xestospongia muta)

Amebozoa* Movement with pseudopodia

Slime molds

SAR clade

Rhizaria* Filose pseudopodia

Foraminiferas

Radiolarians

Common Ancestor of Stramenopila and Alveolata* Secondary plastids

Alveolata* Membranous vesicles on cell membrane

Dinoflagellate

Stramenopila*Tripartite flagellar hair

Diatoms

Giant Kelp(Macrocystis pyrifera)

Excavata* Feeding groove* Secondary plastid

Euglenoids

Archaeplastida* Primary plastid

Common Ancestorof Chlorophytes, Charophytes and Land Plants

Common Ancestorof Charophytes and Land Plants

Land Plants* Sporic life cycle* Embryos* Apical meristems* Gametangia* Sporangia* Desiccation-resistant spores

Liverworts

Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)

Charophytes

Braun's stonewort(Chara Braunii)

Chlorophytes

Rhodophytes

Archaea* Ether Bonds in Cell Membranes
Methanobrevibacter smithii

Bacteria* Presence of Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall

Escherichia coli