BIOMECHANICS
CHAPTER 2
REFERENCE PLANES
transverse plane
rotational movements
movements occur
- horizontal abduction, adduction
- supination, pronation
- medial, lateral pronation
frontal planes
lateral movements
movements occur
- abduction, adduction
- elevation, depression
- radial, ulnar deviation
sagittal plane
forward and backward movements
movements occur
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
REFERENCE AXES
longitudinal axis
imaginary line around
transverse plane rotations
anteroposterior plane
imaginary line around
frontal plane rotations
mediolateral axis
imaginary line around
sagittal plane rotations
SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS
human joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y
commonly used is Cartesian coordinate system
standardizing descriptions of human motion
QUALITATIVE
PLANNING
- performer attire
- lighting condition
- background
- use of video
ANALYSIS
- description of quality without use numbers
- visual observation is most commonly used approach
ANATOMICAL REFERENCE PLANES
cardinal planes
three imaginary
planes
two dimensional surface
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
deep
inside body, away from surface
superficial
toward surface body
distal
away from trunk
proximal
closer to trunk
lateral
away from midline
medial
toward midline body
posterior
toward back body
anterior
toward front body
inferior
farther away from head
superior
closer to head
ANATOMICAL REFERENCE POSITION
considered starting point for all
body segment movements
all body parts facing forward
erect standing position
