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Creating a cross about one trait for 2 biotic structures
4 by 4 punnet square for traits
Creating a cross about 2 trait for 2 biotic structures
16 by 16 punnet square for traits
Living Organisms
Animal
Plant
Theory
Evolved from cells existing before
All biotic are made of of cells, one or many
Remainder of the cycle: Interphase
Replicating DNA, AKA S Stage
Pre division, AKA G2
Growth of Cell, AKA G1
To develop, repair, and reproduce
Divided into different groups depending on antigen
Any type O does not
A and B have antigen
Results in Mitosis
Investigation of how genes are passed
Segregation Rule
Allele different, separatepic
Inheritance
Independent Assortment
Irregular
Combine
Adapt
Mitosis takes place second time
First one
Detach homologous pairs
Second Part
Detach Sister Chromatids
Final Cytokinesis
Telophase (II)
Anaphase (II)
Metaphase (II)
Prophase (II)
Cytokinesis
Cell Divides into 2 daughter cells
Telophase
Fibres separate chromosomes
Anaphase
Spindle fibres attach
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle
Prophase
Chromosomes are present and less dense
Creates 4 cells which are Haploid
Sper and Egg makes a Zygote
2 Haploid
X,X is the female egg
Increase in ecosystem survival rate due to Genes / Phenotype Variations
Example: Not everyone dies from the same sickness.
What is behind this?
Recombination in genes
Homologous chromosomes interact with one another.
Genetic content interchange
May result in cancer
Diseases that replicate cells aberrantly and transmit
What does cancer mean?
The outcome of DNA copying errors made during cell division
Non-disjuncture
Known as aneuploidy, not normal amount of chromosomes in the cell
Mistakes in Chromosomes
Allele and Genotypes
Lowercase is recessive and dominate is uppercase
Heterozygous
Two independent alleles for one gene (one dominant and one recessive allele, respectively)
Homozygous
Two of the same alleles with one gene (either predominant or both recessive)
Diseases in Genes
Linked to gender
Most often in men
Autosome Chromosome (non ses chromosome)
Reccesive
Dominant
Co dominant
Mixed
Not complete dominant
blended
Eukaryotic
Contain cell membrane
Fungi, Plantea, protisits, anamillia
Many cells
uncellular
One cell
Aquatic/Inside Bodies
In extreme conditions
Prokaryotic
Colonisation in harsh conditions.
Have lipids
very small
Prokaryotes
No nuclei
Photosynthesis (make own food
Have cell wall
Not Mobile
Give ood, shelter, and oxygen for numerous underwater ecosystems.
Multi cellular
Cell walls are not there
Reproduce
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic
Always moving around
Require Oxygen
Characteristics
They replicate by spores
No embryonic stage.
Non-vascular organisms
Fungi are eukaryotic cells, which means that they have a real nucleus embedded in membranes.
Carl Linnaeeus (scientist from Swedan, 1700's
Creating Binomial Nomenclature
He is the one who organized the linnean system
There are way to many organisms and species and this is very effective
Archea
Any other bacteria that isn't in the realm of Archaea are considered.
Bacteria
The oldest recognised world of ancient bacterial forms.
Eukarya
Both species that are eukaryotic that contain organelles and nuclei that are membrane-bound.
Scientific method of naming species into categories
Hence, different groups are created for the million species
Deforestation
Climate: Global Warming
Habitat change
Pollution
These impact the environment
Migration of Species
Extinction of Species
Economy can be effected
Variation: Tiny variations in the population And is inherited
Competition for selective preasure
Higher fitness species survive longer
Change of species over time
Build of different organisms
Homologous
The structure is same but functions are different
Vestigial
From Evolved Various ecosystems
Similarities
Identical Feature Different Composition
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Various Routes
Adaptation takes place to counteract the adaptation of other species. (prey verses predator)
There are 2 kind
Prezygotic
Temporal Isolation
Behavioural Isolation
Genetic Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Habitat Isolation
Post Zygotic
Hybrid Sterility
Hybrid Inviability AKA ^
Hybrid Breakdown
Subtopic
Post-Reproduction
Macroevolution
Over long periods of time, developmental shifts The root of new groups is and includes
Genetic Drift
Random alterations in genetic variation Because of an opening
Bottle neck effect
Founder Effect
Inbreeeding
Near individuals who are related Bred for each other
gene
Allelele migration from one population Through still.
Planned Mating
Individuals are breeding with Others of particular phenotypes
Microevolution
Alterations of the gene pool a single population
Outlets for variation
Mating which isn't random
Bred for particular phenotypes with others
Recombination
Build new frequencies with alleles, the introduction of new alleles by means of
Mutations
Introducing new alleles spontaneously From one gene to another
Sources of organism variance mechanism Adaptation Shifting and evolving
Natural Selection
Favoured by environment
Certain allels fitness increases
Stable selection
Selected Artificially
Non random, selected by species like humans
Interbred those with characteristics required (Phenotype)
