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Interaksi perangkat Komputer

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Scientific Thinking course - Dr. Gregg Deyoung (what i have learned in each class.)

Class 1-science checklist

Science checklist: if claimed sciences' ideas match most of the checklist then it is considered a science.

Scientific checklist 1

Scientific checklist 1

Emperical

quantitative/precise

repeatable

testable

falsifiable

without bias

Scientific checklist 2

Scientific checklist 2

Focuses on natural world

Aims to explain natural world

Using testable ideas

relies on evidence

Involves the scientific community

leads to ongoing research

benefits from scientific behaviour

Class 9- Ethics

Approaches to ethics

Virtue

Develop one's moral character.

Common good

community good= personal good

Fairness/Justice

Treat equals equally and unequals unequally

Rights

Respect the moral and human rights of everyone.

Utilitarian

Greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Reaching ethical decisions

Reflect of the out come of the action

Make your decision and test it

Evaluate alternative actions

Get the relevant facts

Recognize ethical ssue

Class 8- Pseudo science vs science

pseudoscience

Pseudoscience

Fixed ideas

no peer review

Selects only favorable discoveries

sees criticism as conspiracy

Non- repeatable results

Claims of widespread usefulness

Science

Science

Willingness to change with new evidence

Ruthless peer review

Takes account of all new discoveries

Invites criticism

Verifiable results

Limited claims of usefulness

Accurate measurement

class 7: science in media

Skeptisicism

skeptical scientists

hold observations above theory

doesn't break rules of logic and theory

answers questions

gives out all data for others to repeat experiments

polite and helpful

could say what would falsify their theory

Adjust theory to fit facts

unskeptical scientists

Use circular reasoning

Use arguments from ignorance

Use ad hominem attacks

Adjust data to theory

Won't debate

important to analyze media interms of

claims of exclusivity

real scientific processes involvement

claims of conspiracy

expertise

testimonials

use of emotion

agenda

source

Class 2: process of science

Observation

Quantitative

Quantitative observation: involves quantity or amount

ex. 125 g

Qualitative

Qualitative observation: describe's an object's characteristics

ex. red/tall

Emperical

Emerical observations: made directly with human senses.

Inferences

Inferences are conclusions drawn from emperical the emperical observations.

Scientific behaviour

Scientific behaviour

Observe

Study related things or phenomenons

Shrive for precise measurements

Design experiments

Test/modify/refine hypothesis

Formulate physical laws and theories

Establish laws and theories

Scientific method

Scientific method

Question

Research and define rules

Create a hypothesis

Experiment

Analyze outcome

Form conclusion

Class 3: causality in science

cause effect pattern

above

correlation

Correlation sometimes doesn't imply causation.

Causality

A causes b / Domini effect

necessary and sufficient cause

Ex.Some rare diseases are caused due genetic factors so people with the disease must suffer consequences. ex death

sufficient cause

Ex. match sticks are needed to cause fire.

necessary cause

oxygen is needed to cause fire

Class 4: Experimentation in science

Experimental variables

other variables( controlled variable)

effect/outcome(dependent variable)

Dependent variable: observation we hope to create( prediction we made)

cause(independent variable)

Independent variable: change is directly under the control of the experimentor.

Class 5 Scientific argumentation

Scientific idea + Expectations + Observation = scientific argument

Interpreting data (data could)

inspire new assumptions

inspire revised new hypoyhesis

oppose hypothesis

support hypothesis

Gathering data

Actual results

Expected result

hypothesis

class 6 : logical fallacies

core critical thinking skills

Analysis

Inferences

Explanation

Evaluation

Interpretation

Self regulation

fallacies

Slippery slope fallacy: one thing will lead to another

Ad hominem argument: distract from subject ex. direct attack on a person.

part to whole fallacy: If a is something then all a are the same. ex. terrorism

Post hoc ergo propter: this happened after this so this was the reason for this

Red herring: changing subjects

Hasty generalization: 2 is a number, 1 is a number so 2=1

non sequitur: doesn't follow at all

circular reasoning