Kategorier: Alle - circulatory - digestive - eukarya - evolution

av Farid Asmar 3 år siden

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Organigram

The text delves into the evolutionary relationships among various life forms, highlighting their common ancestry and distinguishing characteristics. It begins with the shared DNA and ester bonds among all organisms, then branches into specific groups like Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Organigram

Common Ancestor -All have DNA present -Ester bonds

Archea -Ether bonds (derived from ester bonds)

Topic principal

Common ancestor of Eukarya and Archea -histones

Eukarya -Nucleus -Organelles
Protists

UNIKOTA CLADE (animals and fungi)

Opisthokonts -Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells -Absorvatibe Heterotrophy

Fungi -multicellularity -chitin cell wall -zygotic cycle with dikaryotic stage

Animals -multicellularity -mobility -complex organ systems -gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa -tissues

Cnidaria -diplobasly -radial symmetry

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Scychophoza -majority of life as medusa stage

Hydrozoa -alternating polyp and meduza forms

Anthozoa -usually only polyp

Bilatera -triplobasty -bilateral symmetry

Protosomia -spiral and determinate cleavage -blastopre becomes mouth

Ecdysozoa -ecdysis -metamorphosis

Nematoda -roundworms -free-living and parasitic -cuticle -pesudocoelom -complete digestive tract

Anthropoda -"jointed foot" -segmented -exoskeleton -complete digestive tract -open circulatory system

Chelicerates -cephalothorax and abdomen -4 parts of walking legs, pedipalps, chelicerae

Pancrustaceans

Hexapoda -six legs -insects -many have wings -head, thorax, abdomen

Crustaceans -cephalothorax

Lophotrochozoa -lophophore and/or troco larvae

Plathyelminthes -acoelomates -incomplete digestive tract -no respiratory or circulatory systems

Cestoda -lack a mouth and gastro -vascular cavity

Tremaptoda -parasitic -no digestive tract

Rhaditophorans -free living -parasitic

Annelida -cephalization -segmented worms -closed circulatory systems -complete digestive tract

Mollusca -soft-bodied -foot, visceral mass, mantle -coelomates -organ systems

Bivalia -shells in two halves -suspension feedings

Gastropoda

Cephalopoda -tentacles to grasp prey -closed circulatory system

Deuterostomia -radial and indeterminate cleavage

Echinodermata (Giant sea star) -Water vasuclar system -spiny skin -no brain -complete digestive track

Asteroidea

Holothuroidea

Echnioderie -no arms -jawlike structure

Chordata -Notochord -Dorsal nerve cord -Pharyngeal Slits -Endostyle

Common ancestor of vertebrates and urochordates

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Vertebrates -4 chordate characteristics -vertebral column -endoskeleton -cranium -complex organ system -4 limbs -single circulation

Heart with 2 chambers -jaws, mineralized skeleton

common ancestor with lung derivatives

common ancestor

tetrapods with 2x circulation

Amniotes -limbs with digits

Mammalia -4 chambered heart -amniotic egg -hair -milk

Reptilia -3 or 4 chambered heart -ectothermic -endothermic -amniotic egg

amphibia -lungs -3 chambered hearts -ectothermic

Lobed finned fishes -jawed -bony skeleton -lungs -ectothermic

Osteichthyans (Ray finned fishes) -gnathostomes -actinopterygii -lungs -ectothermic "

Chonodrichthyes -jaws -cartilage skeleton -ectothermic -tendency to sink -predators

Agnathans -jawless -2 chamber heart -ectothermic -cartilage skeleton

Porifera

Choanoflagellates

Amoebazoa -Pseudopodia that extend like tubes

ARCHAPLASTIDA -Primary Plastid

Green Algea

charophytes -zygotic -gametophyte -Diffusion and osmis

chlorophytes/bryophytes -sporic -uses embryos -dessication resistant -apical meristems -presence of gametangia -presence of sporangia -Diffusion and osmis -gametophyte -no stomata

Common Ancestor

Spermatophytes -Pollen -Seeds -Heterospory -Wood -Ovules

Angiosperms -Presence of fruit -Presence of flowers -Endosperm -Ovaries

Subtopic

Gymnosperms

Seedless Vascular -lignin -xylem/phloem -dominant sporophyte generations -waxy cuticle -stomata

Monilophytes

Lycophytes

Hornworts

Mosses

Liveworts

EXCAVATA -Has feeding groove -Secondary plastid

SAR CLADE

Rhizaria -Filose pseudopodia

Stramenopila -Tripartite flagellar hair -Secondary plastid

Alveolata -Membranous Vesicles on the cell membrane -second or tertiary plastids

Bacteria -Petidoglycan