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Pregnancy and Childbirth
The process of childbirth involves three main stages, each with distinct characteristics and durations. The first stage, known as labour, is the longest and includes early and active phases.
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and low-fat dairy products such as:
and cheese).
low-fat yogurt
low-fat milk
whole-grain breads
vegetables
fruits
Lean meats
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Another possible disadvantage of nursing is that it affects a woman's entire lifestyle.
She may experience engorgement more than a bottle-feeding mother, when the breasts become so full of milk they're hard and painful.
In the early weeks, it can be painful. A woman's nipples may become sore or cracked.
If she plans to breastfeed, a new mother should learn as much as possible about it before the baby is born.
But perhaps the best ongoing support for a nursing mother is someone who has successfully nursed a baby like her grandmothers, mother, or aunts.
Obstetricians, pediatricians, childbirth instructors, nurses, and midwives can all offer information about nursing.
If a woman is unsure whether she wants to nurse, she can try it for a few weeks and switch if she doesn't like it.
It's very difficult to switch to breast-feeding after bottle-feeding is begun.
Eat right and get rest:
She should also rest as much as possible to prevent breast infections, which is provoked by fatigue.
To produce plenty of good milk, the nursing mother needs a balanced diet that includes 500 extra calories a day and six to eight glasses of fluid.
Proper positioning:
A nurse, midwife, or other knowledgeable person can help her find a comfortable nursing position.
The baby's mouth should be wide open, with the nipple as far back into his or her mouth as possible.
This minimizes soreness for the mother.
No supplements:
Nursing babies don't need sugar water or formula supplements.
Nurse on demand.
Get an early start.
But If baby vomits large amounts often, the you should call your baby's doctor.
Spitting up is normal, especially when the baby burps.
Baby will swallow some air during feedings.
Burp by rubbing or patting softly on baby's back with baby on your shoulder or lap.
Gently burp once during, and again after each feeding.
A few viruses can pass through breast milk, however.
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of them.
Women who are HIV positive should not breast-feed.
Most common illnesses, such as colds, flu, skin infections, or diarrhea, cannot be passed through breast milk.
In fact, if a mother has an illness, her breast milk will contain antibodies to it that will help protect her baby from those same illnesses.
A proper latch is important to prevent sore nipples and overfull breasts known as engorgement. It helps milk flow properly, stimulate a good milk supply, and satisfy the baby's appetite.
Promotes a healthy bond with the mother.
Presence of antibodies and other protective factors.
Easily digested resulting in less gas, colic, and spitting up.
Promotes nervous system development and increases intelligence.
Few urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and ear infections.
Decreased risk of:
Chronic bowel disease
Some cancers
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID Syndrome)
Eczema
Food allergies
Colic
Asthma
Readily available with no preparation or sterilization.
Breast milk is nutritionally perfect for the infants.
Healthier babies results in fewer sick day-offs for the parents.
The infants with fewer illnesses results in lower health care costs.
Savings of more than $1000 during the first year.
Provides opportunity for rest during the day.
Promotes bonding and a close relationship between the mother and infant.
Travel is easier
Breastfeeding can be done discreetly.
Babies and breasts are both portable!
Breast feeding is always available.
No mixing, measuring, or clean-up of feeding supplies.
Improved bone density and reduction of hip fractures.
Reduction of uterine, ovarian cancer and breast cancer risk, especially to women who breastfeed for more than two years.
Weight loss due to increased caloric needs.
Decreased vaginal bleeding and risk of hemorrhage after birth.
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This does not reflect a physiological need for a particular nutrient.
Some pregnant women develop cravings for non-food substances like:
Laundry Starch
Ice
Chalk
Mud
Dirt
Clay
Pica may also lead to iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and lead exposure (brain damage).
Pica is especially common in African American pregnant women.
Food cravings and aversions are common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.
However, consuming nonfood items during pregnancy can be dangerous to both the mother and the baby and should be avoided.
They are usually harmless unless you avoid an entire food group.
Wear loose-fitting shoes and clothes
Elevate your feet whenever possible
As blood supply increases, your legs, feet, and arms may swell
Mild edema (swelling) during pregnancy is related to the normal and necessary increase in body fluids.
Drink plenty of fluids, especially water
Water actually helps to decrease swelling.
Avoid salt and salty foods.
Avoid using diuretics unless it is prescribed by your health care provider.
If your hands and/or face begin to swell, or if the swelling persist for more than 24 hours at one time, notify your doctor.
This may be a sign of eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension) if also accompanied by a rise in blood pressure, protein in the urine and a rapid weight gain.
Talk to a doctor before taking any antacids
Avoid gaining too much weight
Wear loose-fitting comfortable clothes
Prop head of the bed up
Do not lie down after eating
Eat slowly in a relaxed environment
Cut down on caffeinated and carbonated beverages
Eat small meals frequently
Many pregnant women experience heartburn during some point in their pregnancy.
Do not use laxatives unless prescribed by your health care provider
Drink 8-12 glasses of water everyday
Try dried plums, prune juice, or figs
Regular exercise also helps alleviate constipation. Be sure to talk to your doctor before starting any exercise program.
Be as physically active as much as possible
Hormonal changes slow down the intestines
Eat high fiber foods:
High Fiber foods include:
legumes (dried beans and peas)
Fruits
Vegetables
Bran
Whole-grain foods
Eat slowly
Snack before going to bed
Small bowl of cereal
Glass of milk
Peanut butter crackers
Try these drinks to settle the stomach:
ginger tea
lemonade
7-up
Sprite
ginger ale
lemon tea
Avoid Strong Odors:
Stay out of the kitchen if necessary and let someone else prepare meals.
Avoid spicy foods.
Pregnant women have a better sense of smell.
Avoid an empty stomach
Eat easy-to-digest foods
Eat before getting out of bed
Nausea and vomiting may be due to food-borne illness. Be sure to wash hands often, store food properly and cook food thoroughly.
Your baby is depending on you to provide what is needed for a healthy start in life.
At least ½ of the plate should include vegetables and fruits. The remaining half should include whole grain foods and meat, fish or poultry.
For example, teens need an extra serving (four servings total) of foods from the milk, yogurt, and cheese group.
A balanced diet that includes an extra serving from the five food groups of the Food Guide Pyramid can usually meet these needs (with the exception of iron).
Consult your health care provider first about your caffeine intake if your pregnant
Research has not shown that caffeine causes birth defects in human infants.
Moderate-to-heavy intake of caffeine may lower infant birth weight. Heavy caffeine use is the equivalent of 2-3 cups of coffee per day.
Consult your health care provider first about over-the-counter medications and supplementations.
Consuming alcohol during pregnancy can cause irreversible physical and mental retardation of the fetus – fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Smoking restricts the blood supply to the growing fetus. This limits oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal. Women who smoke usually eat less nutritious foods during pregnancy than nonsmokers.
A mother who smokes is more likely to have a complicated birth and a low-birth weight infant.
There is a positive relationship between Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
Pregnancy dramatically increases the harmful effects of smoking cigarettes.
The Surgeon General has issued a statement that pregnant women should drink absolutely no alcohol.
FAS is totally preventable by merely avoiding alcohol.
Raw eggs or dishes containing raw or partially cooked eggs
Eating foods containing raw or undercooked eggs increases the risk of salmonella poisoning.
Raw shellfish
Fish that contains high levels of mercury like:
Eating fish that contains high levels of mercury can cause nerve damage.
Swordfishes
King Mackerels
Tile-fishes
Sharks
Pregnant women are advised to avoid foods in which high levels of the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes have occasionally been found (the above foods).
Listeriosis is a rare flu-like illness that may cause miscarriage, stillbirth or severe illness in infants.
Soft or blue-veined cheeses
Unpasteurized cheeses
Raw or uncooked meat and poultry
Raw meat and poultry may be a source of salmonella bacteria.
Deli meats
Pate
Sushi
Raw fish
Special Interest Nutrients:
Calcium
Food Sources for Calcium:
A supplement is often required.
Will be absorbed from the maternal bones if not enough calcium in your diet.
The body absorbs calcium best from dairy products like milk and yogurt compared with the calcium found in other food sources.
Calcium is added to some foods that are not naturally high in this nutrient, such as calcium-fortified apple and orange juice. Including these foods in your diet is a good way to help meet higher calcium needs during pregnancy.
Food Sources of Calcium:
Low-fat yogurt
Oyesters
Broccoli
Collard greens
Turnip greens
Calcium-fortified apple and orange juice
Including these foods in your diet is a good way to help meet higher calcium needs during pregnancy.
Calcium is added to some foods that are not naturally high in this nutrient, such as calcium-fortified apple and orange juice.
Shrimp
Skim milk
Low-fat milk
Calcium absorption increases with Vitamin D
Vitamin D is fortified in milk and some soy milks.
Vitamin D is produced by exposure of the skin to sunlight.
Calcium is used in the formation of fetal bones
Recommended amounts of calcium for Pregnant women is 1200-1500 mg per day
Iron
Food Sources for Iron:
Dry apricots
Dark greens
Enriched cereals
Whole-grain and enriched breads
Legumes
A normal diet of iron is 10-11 milligrams a day.
15 milligrams a day is recommended for pregnant women.
Iron is needed for the formation of red blood cells
Pregnant women who make wise food choices can meet most of their nutrient needs, except for iron.
Folic Acid
Food Sources for Folic Acid:
Sunflower Seeds
Peanuts
Spinach and green leafy vegetables
Citrus Fruits
Liver/meats
Dried beans
Fortified breakfast cereals
It is hard to get enough folic acid everyday from food alone.
Pregnant women who are smokers should induce up to 3-4 times more is required in order to reach the same blood levels as pregnant women who don't smoke.
Pregnant Women should induce 600 micrograms of folic acid per day.
Non-Pregnant women should induce 400 micrograms of folic acid per day.
The Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant take 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) of folic acid daily.
Folic Acid is needed for:
and the formation of red blood cells
protein metabolism
for rapidly dividing cells
A supplement that is taken 1-3 months prior to contraception and during the first 6 weeks the gestation reduces the risk of neural tube defects.
Vitamin B-12
Vegans or Vegetarians that do not have animal products in their diet needs supplementation.
Vitamin B-12 works with Folic Acid in cell growth and is essential to the normal development of the baby.
Generally adequate amounts are obtained through animal products like:
Meats and more
Fish
Water:
You need around 8-12 cups a day of water in order to be hydrated
It is highly needed for all cell functions
Water also carries the waste from the cells away.
Water carries the nutrients to the cells
It stabilizes the body temperature
It consists of 60-70% of body weight
Water is the most important nutrient of all. You cannot live without it.
Vitamins & Minerals:
Marginal vitamin and mineral intake are common in many women whether pregnant or not
It is wise to consider taking a moderate-dose vitamin and mineral supplement.
It should contain:
This is a good and safe amount of intake even if you are not pregnant.
and 18 mg of iron
at least 400 micrograms of folic acid
But they can have and can have far-reaching effects on the health of the baby even before a woman knows she is pregnant.
B Vitamins are needed
B Vitamins include:
B-12 (Cobalamin)
B-9 (Folate or Folic Acid)
B-7 (Biotin)
B-6 (Pyridoxine)
B-5 (Pantothenic Acid)
B-3 (Niacin)
B-2 (Riboflavin)
B-1 (Thiamin)
Multivitamins include:
Phytonutrients
Antioxidants
Good sources of vitamins and minerals are deep coloured fruits and vegetables.
Vitamins and minerals are needed for the body to work properly.
Many vitamins are found in fruits and vegetables. Processing (like cooking and canning) takes some of the vitamins out of fruits and vegetables.
Canned food is ok in a pinch
Frozen food is good
Fresh food is best
Fiber:
Fiber protects you from:
And lowers you LDL Cholesterol
Diverticulosis
Constipation
Diabetes
You should consume 25-35 grams of fiber every day
Consuming fiber stabilizes your blood sugar
High-Fiber foods include:
Fruit vs. Juice
Choose whole fruit over juice whenever possible.
Juices do NOT contain fiber
Although they DO contain vitamins and minerals found in the whole fruit.
and a variety of fruits and vegetables
cereals
foods like whole-grain breads
When choosing a whole-grain bread, make sure the first ingredient on the label is whole wheat, whole-grain, rye, etc.
Fats:
It contains most calories per grams.
It consists of 20-25% of your total calories
You should choose healthy fats such as:
Vegetable oils:
Avocado oil
Corn oil
Soy oil
Sunflower oil
Canola oil
Olive oil
Avacados
Seeds:
Sesame seeds
Flax seeds
(Ground flax seeds are best to choose when consuming flax seeds).
Chia seeds
Pumpkin seeds
Nuts:
Includes nut butters like:
Almond butter
Sunflower butter
Peanut butter
Pecans
Hazelnuts
Almonds
It helps the body absorb the fat soluble nutrients
It makes you feel full and no longer hungry.
Fats are necessary for good health
It is the source of stored energy that gets burned during activities such as:
and many sports as well
jogging
cycling
sprinting
running
swimming
Proteins:
Consists of 10-20% of total calories
You need approximately 10 more grams consumed during pregnancy.
Proteins are found normally in:
Cheese
Milk
Eggs
Beans
Nuts
Tofu
Meat
Poultry
Fish
It will be used for energy if the diet is insufficient in carbohydrates.
The main purpose of protein is for building and repairing the body:
hormones
hair
red blood cells
muscles
Carbohydrates:
It should make up for about 60-70% of your total daily intake of calories.
Carbohydrates include fruits, bread, some vegetables, milk and grains.
You should have at least 4 servings a day that has carbs in it.
It is the body's primary source of energy
Sugars and Starches
300 calories can also include: Peanut butter on two slices of toast and a cup of milk with it.
300 calories can also include: 1 cup of cereal with a cup of milk and a banana as well.
300 calories can include: 1/2 of a sandwich with a cup of milk or yogurt.
4-6.5 pounds
7-8 pounds
3.5-5.5 pounds
2.5-3.0 pounds
4-6 pounds
3-4.5 pounds
1-1.5 pounds
From 20 weeks to delivery the average weight gain is 1 pound per week.
35-45 pounds
At least 15 pounds
28-40 pounds
25-35 pounds
15-25 pounds
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Not all therapies are appropriate for everyone with cerebral palsy.
It is important for parents, patients, and health care providers to work together to come up with the best treatment plan for the patient.
Other Therapies Include:
3) Speech and language therapy:
Such as by using sign language or a special communication device.
A speech therapist can help a child learn to speak more clearly, help with swallowing problems, and teach new ways to communicate.
2) Recreational therapy:
Participating in art programs, cultural activities, and sports can help improve a child’s physical and intellectual skills.
1) Occupational therapy:
This type of therapy helps a child learn to do everyday activities such as dressing and going to school.
Physical Therapy is the most common therapy there is for Cerebral Palsy but there are many others.
Physical therapy:
A physical therapist helps the child learn skills such as sitting, walking, or using a wheelchair.
It involves exercises and activities that can maintain or improve muscle strength, balance, and movement.
Medications include:
Baclofen or any other muscle relaxants.
Anticonvulsants
Anticholinergics
Laxatives
Sleep aids
Antacids
Diazepam
or infused into the fluid surrounding the spinal cord through a pump implanted near the spinal cord.
injected into the affected muscles
Medications can be taken by mouth
There are many types of treatments to help prevent CP getting worse.
Treatments include:
and special equipment if needed can help as well.
Special Equipment can include walkers or crutches.
Surgery
Therapy
Medications
There is no cure to CP but at least it isn’t a progressive disease.
Speech & Eating:
Excessive drooling or problems with swallowing.
Difficulty with sucking, chewing or eating.
Difficulty speaking
Delays in speech development
Development:
There is also delayed growth.
Which results in a smaller size than what would be expected.
has learning difficulties and intellectual disabilities.
Delays in reaching motor skills milestones
such as sitting up or crawling.
Movement & Coordination:
lack of balance and muscle coordination.
slow movements.
Favoring one side of the body
such as only reaching with one hand or dragging a leg while crawling.
Stiffness of muscles
Environmental Factors:
Infections can play a part in CP as well as your health and well being.
Being exposed to toxins or contaminants can put the baby at risk for CP even before conception.
Genetic Factors:
Premature birth and the age of the parents can affect the baby having CP.
Cerebral Palsy is sometimes inherited by the genes of the parents if they have Cerebral Palsy.
MIXED:
A combination of two or more types of Cerebral Palsy which are associated with multiple areas of the brain.
ATAXIA:
Poor balance and coordination associated with damage to the cerebellum.
DYSKENESIA:
Uncontrollable movements associated with damage to the basal ganglia.
SPASTICITY:
Stiff muscles that are associated with damage to or developmental differences in the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle tone or posture.
It is caused by damage that occurs to the developing brain, which is most often before birth, but it can occur during early infancy as well.
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Pushing too soon could cause your cervix to tear or swell, which might delay delivery or cause troublesome bleeding.
The last part of active labour (often referred to as transition) can be particularly intense. If you feel the urge to push but you're not fully dilated, your health care provider might ask you to hold back.
Active labour often lasts up to eight hours. For some women, active labour lasts hours longer. For others — especially those who've had a previous vaginal delivery — active labor is much shorter.
You might feel increasing pressure in your back as well. If you haven't headed to your labor and delivery facility yet, now's the time.
Near the end of active labor, it might feel as though the contractions never completely disappear.
Your contractions will get stronger, last longer and come closer together.
Active Labour: During active labor, your cervix will dilate to 10 centimeters.
Early labour is unpredictable. It can last for hours or even days, especially for first-time moms. It's often much shorter for subsequent deliveries.
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This is the longest of the three stages of labour. It's actually divided into two phases of its own — early labor and active labour.
The first stage of labour (early labour) occurs when the cervix opens (dilates) and thins out (effaces) to allow the baby to move into the birth canal.
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Deep breathing
Abdominal breathing
![8.6.2 Labour Court Review mm [1] with steps](/image/e6092e4777d54d7fa28f3ac59d36cea0/862-labour-court-review-mm-1-with-steps.png "8.6.2 Labour Court Review mm [1] with steps")
