SIB3U1

Mer som dette

Organigram

Ved Avisha Patel

Evolution: Natural Selection

Ved Karissa Nicholson

s

Ved Dhiman Akash

Oil vs Water

Ved Chatrath Trinity

SIB3U1

Main topic

Evolution

Evolution and Speciation

Speciation: How Species Form

Speed of Evolutionary Change

Punctuated Equilibrium

Gradualism

Patterns in Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Divergent Evolution

Adaptive Radiation

Hawaiian Islands

Speciation

Consequences of Human Activities

Prevent Gene Flow

Giant Panda

Allopatric

Darwin's Finches

Ecological Niche

Reasons for Allopatric Speciation

Lava Flow

Glacier

Sympatric

Non-random Mating (animals)

Chromosomal Changes (plants)

Speciation Mechanism

Gametic Isolating

Mechanical Isolating

Temporal Isolating

Habitat Isolating

Behavioural Isolating

Pre-zygotic Isolating

Hybrid Breakdown

Hybrid Sterility

Hybrid Inviability

Mechanisms of Evolution and Their Effect on Populations

Genetic Variation

Change of Allele Frequencies In Populations

Sexual Selection

Sexual Dimorphism

Disruptive Selection

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Genetic Drift

Bottleneck Effect

Famine

Natural Disasters

The Founder Effect

Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands

Non-Random Mating

Inbreeding

Self-Fertillzing Flowers

Preferred Phenotype

Humans

Allele Distribution

Gene Flow (Migration)

Grey Wolves

Mutation

Norway Rat

Developing a Theory of Evolution

Sources of Evidence for Evolution

Evidence from DNA

Evidence from Embryology

Evidence from Anatomy

Analogous Structures

Homologous Structures

Homologous Hair

Biogeography

Fossils

Vestigial Structure

Transitional Fossil

Archaeopteryx

Fossil Record

Scientific Contributions to a Theory of Evolution

History of Evolution

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Survival of the Fittest

Charles Darwin

Descent with Modification

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Charles Lyell

Uniformitarianism

Georges Cuvier

Catastrophism

Palaeontology

Introducing Evolution

Natural Selection and Artificial Selection

Artificial Selection

Gene Banks

Genetic Engineering

Consequences

Deformities

English Bulldogs

Monoculture

GMO

Increase Supply

1896 Illinois Experiment Station

Increase Nutrition

Natural Selection

Situational

Fitness

Selective Pressure

Adaptation and Variation

Adaptations and Survival

Mutations

Selective Advantage

Rapid Reproduction

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterium

Daphnia

New Alleles

Variation

Genetics

Heritable Mutations

English Peppered Moth

Mimicry

Viceroy Butterfly

Extinct

Diversity of Living Things

Multicellular Diversity

The Biodiversity Crisis

Crisis

Biodiversity Crisis

Mass Extinction

Climate Change

Aquatic Ecosystems

Decline in Growth Rate

Plants and Animal Pollinators

Dependant

Sex Determination

Habitat

Lack of Diversity

Flooding

Food Sources

Food Chain Supply Shortages

Modelling

The Animal Kingdom

Animal

Gametic Reproduction

Movement

Muscle Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Segmentation

Body Cavity

Coelom

Symmetry and Body Plans

Bilateral Symmetry

Radial Symmetry

Number of Body Layers

Three Layers of Skin

Endoderm

Inner Layer

Mesoderm

Middle Layer

Ectoderm

Outer Layer

Levels of Organization

Tissue

Organ Systems

Organs

Vertebrates

Notchord

Mammals

Placenta

Whales

Bears

Bats

Mammary Glands

Birds

Endothermy

Ectothermy

Reptiles

Amphibians

Tetrapods

Fish

Cartilage

Invertebrates

Arthropods

Exoskeleton

Echinoderms

Molluscs

Mantle

Worms

Sponges and Cindarians

Medusa

Polyp

Reproduce sexually

Ability to move

Heterotrophs

No cell wall

The Fungus Kingdom

Lichens

Composite Organsims

Photosynthetic

Phylum Basidiomycota

Fruiting Bodies

Basidium

Phylum Ascomycota

Ascus

Zygospore Fungi

Zygospores

Phylum Chytridomycota

Aquatic

Saprobial

Mutualistic

Predatory

Parastic

Fragmentation

Budding

Structure

Fruiting Body

Mycelium

Hypha

The Plant Kingdom

Vascular

Seed Producing

Angiosperms

Cotyledon

Monocot

Dicot

Fruit

Contains seeds

Flower

Containing Fruit

Flowering Plants

Trillium

Roses

Gymnosperms

Cones

Cone-bearing trees

Cedars

Spurce

Fern

Now a Zygote

Male and female reproduction organs formed

Haploid spores, Gametophyte

Non-vasular

Bryophytes

Hornworts

Liverworts

Moss

Mitosis, new sporophyte

Antheridium

Archegonium

Grows

From Algae to Terrestrial Plants

Multicellular

Euglenoids

Green Alage

Sporic Reproduction

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Plant Embryos

Adaptations to Land

Vascular Tissue

Roots

Leaves

Phloem

Xylem

Phylum Chlorophyta

Brown Algae

Phylum Pheaophyta

Red Algae

Phylum Rhodophyta

Diversity: From Simple to Complex

Protists: The Unicellular Eukaryotes

Plant-like

Englenoids

Dinoflagellates

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Red Tide

Diatoms

Phylum Chrysophyta

Carry out Photosynthesis

Fungus-like

Phylum Oomycota

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Phylum Myxomycota

Sporozoans: Phylum Sporozoa

Flagellates: Phylum Zoomastigina

Flagellum

Cilliates: Phylum Ciliphora

Cillium

Cercozoans: Phylum Cercoza

Pseudopods

Characteristics

Unicellular

Algae

Brown

Green

Red

Eukaryotic Evolution and Diversity

Life Cycle

Multicellularity

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Host Cell

Endosymbiont

Endosymbiosis

Comparing Bacteria and Archaea

Protecting Genetic Material

Endospores

Loops of DNA

Plasmids

New Genetic Content

Conjugation

Comparing

Binary Fission

Habitats

Mesophiles

Extremophiles

Salt-lover

Salt Lakes

Acid-lover

volcanic Crater Lakes

Heat-lover

Deep Sea Vents

Nutrition

Methanogenesis

Aggregations

Bacili

Cocci

Human Health

Classifying

Gram Stain

A Microscopic Look at Life's Organization

Disease

Prions

Non-viral Disease-causing

Infection, Micro-Organisms

Cold Sores

Viruses

Biotechnology

Reproduction In Viruses

Lysogenic Cycle

Lysis and Release

Attachment

Entry

Provirus Formation

Assembly

Lytic Cycle

Classifying Viruses

Capsid

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Classifying Life's Diversity

Classifying Types of Biodiversity

Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity

Function

Enhance

Resilience

Genetic Diversity

Benefits

Supports Conservation Biology

Provides Resistance to Disease

Population

Gene Pool

Species Diversity

Kingdoms and Domains

Characteristics of Kingdoms

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Dichotomous Key

Identification at the Species Level

Three Domains

Eukarya

Major Cell Types

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Structural Diversity

The Six Kingdoms

Archaea

Bacteria

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Determining How Species are Related

Importance of Classification

Environment

Society

Technology

Evidence

Physiology Evidence

Order Artiodactyle

Family Bovidae

Physiology

Anatomical Evidence

Anatomy

Relationship Among Organisms

Phylogenetic Tree

DNA Evidence

Physiological

Morphological

Ancestor

Identifying, Naming and Classifying Species

Identifying Species

Phylogeny

Morphology

Species

Classification

Grey Wolf

Hierarchical Classification

Naming Species

Taxonomy

Taxonomic Categories

Taxon (Taxa)

Rank

Binomial Nomenclature

Genetic Processes

Complex Patterns of Inheritance

The Future of Genetic Research

Bioinformatics

Margaret Dayhoff

Human Genome

Genomics

Genetic Profiles

Gene Expressions

Microarrays

Gene Variations to Disease

Inheritance of Linked Genes

Linked Genes

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Sex-Linked Genes

Sex-Linked Trait

Hairy Ears

Hemophilia

Red and White Eyes, Fruit Flies

Chromosome Mapping

Beyond Mendel's Observations of Inheritance

Polygenic Inheritance

Polygenic Trait

Continuous Varations

Multiple Alleles

Blood Types

Codominance

Heterozygous Advantage

Sickle Cell Anemia

Incomplete Dominance

Patterns of Inheritance

Following Patterns of Inheritance in Humans

Genetic Test

Gene Therapy

Genetic Counselling

Autosomal Inheritance

Autosomal Recessive

Cystic Fibrosis

Autosomal Dominant

Huntington Disease

Pedigree

Studying Genetic Crosses

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Law of Independent Assortment

Test Cross

Punnett Squares

Dihybrid

Monohybrid

Understanding Inheritance

Combination of Alleles

Heterozygous

Homozygous

Phenotype

Genotype

Law of Segregation

Recessive

Dominant

Pea Plants

True Breeding

Monohybrid Cross

F1 Generation

F2 Generation

P Generation

Trait

Cell Division and Reproduction

Reproductive Strategies and Technologies

Cloning

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Reproductive Cloning

Therapeutic Cloning

Gene Cloning

Recombinant DNA

Strategies

In Humans

In Vitro Fertilization

Preimplantation Diagnosis

In Agriculture

Embryo Transfer

Artificial Insemination

Selective Breeding

Sexual Reproduction

Prenatal Testing

Non-Invasive

Blood Tests

Ultrasounds

Invasive

Fetus DNA Sample

Gamete Formation in Animals

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Meiosis

Errors

Abnormalities

Non-Disjunction

Trisomy

Chromosomes 13

Patau

Chromosomes 18

Edward

Chromosomes 21

Down

Monosomy

Turner syndrome

Incorrect Reformation

Translocation

Deletion

Duplication

Phases of Meiosis

Meiosis II (Haploid)

Prophase II

Meiosis I (Diploid)

Telophase I

Anaphase I

Metaphase I

Prophase I

Synapsis

Outcomes/ Importance

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

Genetic Variations

Exchange of Genetic Material

Creation of Gametes, different combinations

Genetic Recombination

Genetic Reduction

Reproduction

Processes

Diploid

Haploid

Subtopic

Fertilization

Zygote

Gamete

Conception

Asexual

Sexual

Cell Division and Genetic Material

Chromosome Pairs

Autosome

Sex Chromosome

Y

X

Replication

Double Helix

Structures

Karyotype

Allele

Genes

Homologous

Genome

Phosphate

Sugar

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

The Cell Cycle

Stages

Checkpoints

Regulation of Normality

Abnormal = Unhealthy, Defects

Cancer

Normal = Healthy

Cytokinesis

Creation of New Cell Wall

Division of Cytoplasm

Mitosis

Genetic Material and Nucleus Divides

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Prophase

Centrosomes

Spindle Fibers

Centromere

Sister Chromatids

Condensed into Chromosomes

Interphase

DNA is Chromatin

Prepares

Copies

Matures/ Grows

Duration

12 to 24 hours

Functions

Replace dying/ dead cells

Repair of Tissue

Growth of the Organisms

Somatic Cells