av Rachel Lin 14 år siden
458
wayfinding
The paper by Wiener, Büchner, et al. explores various facets of human wayfinding, a process where navigation is directed towards distant destinations without direct perception of paths from the start point.
av Rachel Lin 14 år siden
458
Mer som dette
Five priciples of Wayfinding
What is my desitination?
How do I find where I am in the environment?
How do I find teh route to my desitination?
How do I recognize my destination when I arrive there?
How do I find the way back to my starting point?
Information Architecture
or Urban, Architectural Environment
Solutions
Design Guildlines
Wiener, J. M., S. J. Büchner, et al. (2009). "Taxonomy of Human Wayfinding Tasks: A Knowledge-Based Approach." Spatial Cognition & Computation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 9(2): 152 - 165.
Wayfinding – navigation in environmental space that is directed to distant destinations or distant space. Additionally, paths to the destination(s) are not available from direct perception at the origin of travel, they must be retrieved (or inferred) from LT memory, or if unavailable, strategies and heuristics have to be applied to traverse the unfamiliar parts of the environment.
Aided Wayfinding – behavior is aided by some form of externalized representations, such as maps, signage, route instructions, or by modern and-help computers and route planners. Cognitive processes play a crucial role (i.e. symbol identification, object rotation, self-localization, and matching allo-centric and ego-centric view) while moving through the environment.
Unaided Wayfinding – classified with respect to the navigator’s goal. The reason for travel can either have a specific goal (reaching a particular location) or a non-spatial goal (travel for travels sake).
Undirected Wayfinding – no specific destination.
Exploration - the environment is unknown and the goal is to develop a mental map of the environment.
Cruising - travel through familiar territory with no planned path (though at the end of this trek, it turns into directed wayfinding to return to your starting point).
Directed Wayfinding – refers to the navigator striving to approach a single or multiple destinations.
Informed Search – involves the navigator having survey knowledge about the environment i.e., he/she has knowledge about the relation of different locations in the environment among each other. The navigator is oriented in the informed search and the risk of getting lost is minimized, which allows the navigator to systematically search through the environment and avoid redundant walking (optimizing performance).
Uninformed Search – involves the navigator having little to no knowledge about the environment. The navigator cannot plan his/her search in advance, and if the search task is to be solved efficiently, attentional resources have to be attributed to monitoring, path integration, and other processes that assure a thorough search and limited redundancy.
Target Approximation - If the navigator has knowledge about the destination, we refer to the corresponding behavior as target approximation.
Path Following – The navigator matches sensory information from the environment with the route knowledge he/she has memorized to execute and monitor the appropriate sequence of actions (i.e., retrieval from LT memory).
Path Finding – If no adequate route knowledge exists i.e., no specific path sequence from the start point to the destination is memorized; it must be extracted or found.
Path Planning – Occurs with a well-known environment in which the target location is known, but a direct path towards it is unknown. The navigator relies on survey knowledge they already have available and possibly make spatial inferences about missing pieces.
Path Search – Occurs in an unknown environment in which the navigator is informed about the location of the target, but is lacking information about the space between the current location and the target. Path search requires the navigator to employ heuristics to approach the destination in an iterative manner.
navigation in environmental space that is directed to distant destinations or distant space. Additionally, paths to the destination(s) are not available from direct perception at the origin of travel, they must be retrieved (or inferred) from LT memory, or if unavailable, strategies and heuristics have to be applied to traverse the unfamiliar parts of the environment.
Unaided Wayfinding
classified with respect to the navigator’s goal. The reason for travel can either have a specific goal (reaching a particular location) or a non-spatial goal (travel for travels sake).
Undirected Wayfinding
no specific destination.
Cruising
travel through familiar territory with no planned path (though at the end of this trek, it turns into directed wayfinding to return to your starting point).
Exporation
the environment is unknown and the goal is to develop a mental map of the environment.
Directed Wayfinding
refers to the navigator striving to approach a single or multiple destinations.
Target Approximation
If the navigator has knowledge about the destination, we refer to the corresponding behavior as target approximation.
Path Finding
If no adequate route knowledge exists i.e., no specific path sequence from the start point to the destination is memorized; it must be extracted or found.
Path Planning
Occurs with a well-known environment in which the target location is known, but a direct path towards it is unknown. The navigator relies on survey knowledge they already have available and possibly make spatial inferences about missing pieces.
Path Search
Occurs in an unknown environment in which the navigator is informed about the location of the target, but is lacking information about the space between the current location and the target. Path search requires the navigator to employ heuristics to approach the destination in an iterative manner.
Path Following
The navigator matches sensory information from the environment with the route knowledge he/she has memorized to execute and monitor the appropriate sequence of actions (i.e., retrieval from LT memory).
Search
Uninformed
involves the navigator having little to no knowledge about the environment. The navigator cannot plan his/her search in advance, and if the search task is to be solved efficiently, attentional resources have to be attributed to monitoring, path integration, and other processes that assure a thorough search and limited redundancy.
Informed
involves the navigator having survey knowledge about the environment i.e., he/she has knowledge about the relation of different locations in the environment among each other. The navigator is oriented in the informed search and the risk of getting lost is minimized, which allows the navigator to systematically search through the environment and avoid redundant walking (optimizing performance).
Aided Wayfinding
behavior is aided by some form of externalized representations, such as maps, signage, route instructions, or by modern hand-held computers and route planners. Cognitive processes play a crucial role (i.e. symbol identification, object rotation, self-localization, and matching allo-centric and ego-centric view) while moving through the environment.
In response to sensory information ie - obstacle avoidance, steering, and approach
1. What is Way finding?
2. The impotance of wayfinding ease.
Articles written by or about architects and graphic designers
Wayfinding is comprised architecture; graphics; and verbal human interaction, within the context of the built environment. The authors, take the reader from a better understanding of the many types of wayfinding difficulties that people have, and why they have them, through an explanation of what wayfinding is and how the process works, to detailed examinations of the architectural, graphic, audible and tactile components involved in wayfinding design. A prescription, in effect, for a much-needed, brand-new design discipline.
Lynch's Model of Environmental Cognition
User's Declarative Memory
Lunch's model Consists of environmental images that are referable to physical forms which can be classified into 5 types of elements:
Path: familiar routes followed. Corridor, hallways, sidewalks, roadways, etc..
Nodes: a crossing or convergence of paths, intersections of paths
Landmarks: point of reference. Represents information about the visul destails(objects) of specific locations in the environment
Districts: areas with perceived internal homogeneity. Collection of rooms and corridors that have the similar purpose of function.
Edges: dividing lines between districts, linear breaks in continuity. Exterior and Interior walls, railing, shore, roads, etc.
Environmental Behavior Research
Environmental Behavior Research: Humans strive to
1. Establish and maintain meaningful psychological and social connections with the material world, reflected in their strong emotional attachments to particular objects and places.
2. Optimize the degree of fit between their personal and collective needs for identity, affiliation, social support, emotional and physical security, and environmental legibility, on the one hand, and conditions present in the physical and social environment that, ideally, facilitate the fulfillment of those needs on the other.
3. Individuals are most likely to experience psychological, social, and physiological stress when levels of person environment fit are perceived to be low ie – conditions of prolonged stimulation overload; infringements on one’s privacy in residential, work, or institutional settings; lack of access to aesthetic surroundings and natural environments.
Virtual Environment
Questions concerning environment and behavior (internet)
The Internet brings geographically distant information to “virtual” places.
1. The relative influence of “proximal” (closest point of attachment) vs. “distal” (furthest point of attachment) processes on individual’s behavior, development, and well-being.
2. Bivalent nature of the Internet – that is, it’s capacity to enhance or impair individuals’ development and well-being and to strengthen or weaken people’s attachments to their proximal environments
3. Behavior and health implications of the Internet’s exponential growth in light of humans’ limited capacities for coping with information overload and accelerating rates of environmental change.
Influence of the Internet on People’s Interpretation of Their Surroundings:
1. The Internet offers opportunities to visit digitally simulated environments. Computer users can acquire detailed previews and greater knowledge about unfamiliar places before they actually visit them. However, greater opportunities to encounter places virtually might hasten the pace but reduce the coherence of people’s environmental experiences.
2. Computer mediated encounters are often of short duration and emphasize highly selective visual information about those settings, the virtual visitor is deprived of the opportunity to experience the place in a more complete and sustained fashion. Do these ephemeral encounters lead to incomplete (ie – visually dominated) and biased appraisals of the actual places that are simulated on the web?
Assumptions of Env. Psych.
1. People’s relationships with their physical and social environments are psychologically important to them and substantially influence their development and well-being.
2. People ideally strive to optimize, or at least enhance, the degree of fit between their own (or their group’s) goals and needs, on one hand, and conditions of the environment that either support or constrain those needs, on the other.
Env. Psych. Research
1. Spatial propinquity fosters social contacts and friendship information
2. Individuals’ experiences with particular places constitute an important part of their self-identity
3. Involuntary relocation from a familiar neighborhood often provokes emotional distress and illness symptoms among the dislocated individuals
Stress
Environmental stress: denotes an imbalance between the environmental demands confronted by an individual and his/her capacity to cope with those demands.
Psychological stress: imbalance between one’s perception of environmental demands and her or his perceived ability to cope with those conditions.
