Chemistry Study

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Chemistry Study

Typical State of Matter

Types of Reactions

Total combustion

Double Displacement

Acid - Base

Ha+bOH = AB + H2O

ab + cd = ad + cb

Single Displacement

a + bc = b + ac

Check solubility table

Check reactivity table

Only higher reactivity can displace

Decomposition

ab + energy = a + b

Synthesis

a + b= ab

Balancing Reactions

Redox

Electrons should add up

Hydrogen first, oxygens last

Basic

Elements should add up

Classification of Matter

Mixtures

Heterogeneous

Colloid

Alloy (s)

Solution (aq)

Homogeneous

Pure

Compounds

Steal Electron

Non-metal + Non-metal

Share electron

Metal + Non-metal

Elements

Types

Row 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Row 1 - Hydrogen: Alkalies

Diatomic

H + 3 block upside-down L

Separation of Mixures

Fractional Distillation

Simple Distillation

Centrifugation

Chromatography

Subtopic

Separating Funnel

Sepa

Notation Rules

Capitalise only first letter in element

aq

Aqueous (solution suspended in H2O)

s

Solid

l

Liquid

g

Gas

Acids and Bases

Chemical Indicaters

Universal Indicater

Red acidic - Green Neutral - Purple Basic

Penothalyn

Clear to pink in base

Cabbage Juice

Red to blue in base

Blue Litmus Paper

Red Litmus Paper

Red in acid, blue in base

Methyl Orange

Redder in Acid

Bromethyl Blue

Yellow in Acid

Bases

Carbonate Base

X-CO3

Hydroxide Base

X-OH

Organic Base

Citric

Formic acid.

Acetic acid.

Lactic acid.

Oxyacids

H-X-O

Binary Acids

H-X

PH Scale

Negative logarithm of 10 of hydrogen ions

14-Max of conventional bases

7-Neutral

0-Max of conventional acids

Naming Substances

Acids

Covalent

(#)Nonmetal + (#)Nonmetal

10

Dec(a)-

9

Non(a)-

8

Oct(a)-

7

Sept(a)-

6

Hex(a)-

5

Pent(a)-

Tetr(a)-

Tri-

Di-

Mono-

Leave out for first element

Ionic

Polyatomic Ions

Others

Oxyanions

4

per-x-ate

3

-ate

2

-ite

1

Hypo-

Metal + Non-metal+ (ide)

Special Cases

Gold

Aur[ous(1+)]/[ic(3+)]

Lead

Plumb[ous(2+)]/[ic(4+)]

Tin

Stann[ous(2+)]/[ic(4+)]

Copper

Cupr[ous(+)]/[ic(2+)]

Iron

Ferr[ous(2+)]/[ic(3+))

Metal Ions

Use roman numerals

eg. Nickle (II) chloride