Categorias: Todos - politics - trade - colonization

por Cassidy Wannamaker 6 anos atrás

286

CHY4C

Before European involvement, India was characterized by a rich tapestry of cultural influences and strong political dynamics, where Hinduism was the dominant belief system, and women played significant but non-ruling roles.

CHY4C

CHY4C

European Relations with the Rest of the World

Russia

Russia was at constant war with the Ottoman Empire

The Europeans considered russians as savages, because they acted like Asia

Czar peater created a army by conscripting peasants

Russians were associated with the Eastern orthodox church

Empire of Czar

Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder was essential in overcoming local resistance

Rapid expansion empire, they were feared by European boarders

The Empire was well organized and resillant

Islam arose in Arabia which it limited agriculture and forced inhabitants to adopt a nomadic, pastural way of life within socail equality

The Arabs learned to use canals for trade which connected Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia and Persia

Muhammed created new religion which emphasized, general themes such as monotheism, individual accountability and compassion for the poor and the weak

In 610 Muhammed claimed to be chosen are and God's messenger

Believed in a single all powerful god who was responsible for create the world

Turks migrated from Asia to the middle east where they converted to Islam

East Asia

No European power ever managed to establish a meaningful trade with chinese (due to there strict relations on foreign affairs)

The separate states created the great wall

Jiaquing Emperor of China saw foreign traders as a threat

The orient was supplying Europe with spices, skills and herbs

Portuguese traded spices with Indians and wanted to trade with the Chinese

The orient was supplying Europe with spices, skills and herbs

China does not want to interact with the west

The first unified Empire was created by the Qindunasfv in 202BC

India

Europeans became involved in local politics

Fragile empires established

Portuguese weren't a threat to Indians and were granted permission to trade (by the rulers)

Britain was the most important presence in India for 200 years

Portuguese were the first to come to India for trade in spices

Inspired others to follow

Women did not rule but they were strong political influences

Hinduism is the main belief system

Complex mixture of Indian, Persian, Asian customs/belief systems

Africa

Europeans introduced civil wars with African kingdom, in order to take prisoners as salves

Africans constantly fought back, some would commit suicide, stop eating, or try to take control of ships

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans (Role of trade/economy)

Europe only captures people on the coast of Africa, because it was seen as too dangerous to go deeper in

Trade slaves or obtained them for selling grades, such as: Horses, gold, spices and perfume

1518, the first transience slave trade. When Africans arrive in the Caribbean

Africans took some Europeans as trade

Slavery always existed

Tended to be prisoners of war/criminals

Used religion as a way to justify slavery

The Americas
Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Newly discovered lan led to Treaty of Tordesillas

Their political structure included tribes, chiefdoms, states, and empires

Law system was present, used in terms of Imperialism

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans (Role of trade/economy)

Europeans were taken capture by aboriginal people of America. Aboriginal alliance tried to fight colonists, this war lasted a little over a year (Economy suffered)

Fur trade was big in New France and Algonquin allies would meet them in Montreal with Pelt

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

The English began colonizing the Americans in 1607. Starting with Virginia

95% decline of 25 million population (European decreases had a major part)

Race was a legal status

Absolutism

King Louis VIV (1643-1715)
Symbol for new spin in French culture church was replaced with national pride
Hatred of nobles and common people
Louis was building Versailles almost all his life

Louis XIV was the builder and planner of the masterpiece

Build under his dearest care

Versailles was under construction till his death

Always had new ideas

Was a large supporter of arts
Absoluted ruler - moved the court
Against protestants
Economically exhausted after 30 years of war
Chose the sun as his emblem

Apollo - God of peace and arts, also there heavenly body which gave life to all thins

Child king took throne at age four
The House of Stuart
Mary Queen of Scotland

James I (1603-1625) aka James VI of Scotland

Ruled as a tyrant

Had conflicts with parliament

Was not a popular king

A catholic, authorization of the King James version of the bible, and as the "Wisest Fool in Christenatm"

Elizabeth is death, James was her heir

Son of Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth had her executed for treason, Spain attacked but the Armada failed

Catholic english supported her succession over Elizabeth

When Francois II died, she came back to be Queen of Scotland

Daughter of James V and destined to be the Queen of France

Henry VIII niece

The House of Tudors
Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Henry died in January of 1547

Henry's six wives

Catherine Parr

Made attempted to get all his children together

Large impacted on Henry, he was influenced by her

Highly educated and deeply religious

Henry's VIII six wife

Catherine Howard

Beheaded due to adultery

A seventeen year old

Henry's VIII fifth wife

Anne of Cleves

Annulled on July 9th, 1540

Political alliance with Lutheran Germany

Henry's VIII fourth wife, a German princess

Jane Seymour

She died of a fever - childbirth

Queen did finally have that male heir, Edward VI

Edward VI (1547-1553)

He was sick and died at the age of 16

King at age of nine in 1547 (called Boy King)

A protestant

Henry's VIII third wife

Anne Boleyn

Elizabeth I (155-1603

Brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada

Patron of the arts and literature (education)

Advanced exploration and foreign trade

Decline in religious wars

Refused marriage (virgin queen)

Became England's greatest leader

Last tutor monarch, reigned for 45 years (Golden Ages)

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Many catholics felt that her child Elizabeth was ltlegitmate

Henry had her changed with adultery and incest and beheaded

Henry's VIII second wife

Catherine of Aragon

Mary (1553-1558)

She died of a tumour

Known as "Bloody Mary" for the number of people executed for being protestant (300 killed)

Married Philip II of Spain

Attempted to restore Catholicism and return England to Rome

First Queen Regnant

Reigning because she is heir rather than marriage

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon

Was the daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

Relates to Reformation

Church had a lot of money and land if Henry VIII separates from the Catholic Church he will get such thing, removed country from Catholic Church to Protestant

Creates Church of England (Protestant Church), and splits ties with the Roman Catholic Church

Historically called most dreadful and famous kind of England

Tries to annual his marriage so he can marry Anne Boleyn

Spain and Germany wanted to take alliance even after Arthurs's death - Married Arthurs widowed wife, Catherine of Aragon

Henry VII (1485-1509)

Forged international relationships through marriages of his children

Subject had a religious duty to obey
Religion is still a basis of structure
Rulers represented God's well
Monarchs (blood lines) claim the right to rule by divine right (God/supreme being)

Reformation

The Protestant Reformation
Catholic Reformation

Roman Index of Prohibited Books

Biased opinions used to declare people as heretics and declare books as heresy

Any book deemed inappropriate would be burned

Burning of books = Nazi Germany (form of control)

Tired to control and review all books and pamphlets being published

Another tool used by Church to enforce conforminty

Roman Inquistion

Proven since that many innocent people died at the hands of the Inquisition

Enforced conforminty

Had biased opinions - strict Christian code

Purpose to discover and surpass heresy and to punish heretics

Has to insure Bishops were properly trained (educated)

Pushed Bishops into cities to strengthen authority so they had more control

Created system of reliance - keep control of followers

Decided everything was to be communicated in Latin

Not everyone spoke Latin

Gave Rome strict power of Religious doctrine (religious teachings)

Papal Reform

Council of Trent

Reform Commission (1537)

Determined Church's problems = corrupt pope/policies

Pope Paul III

The Jesults - "Army of the Church"

Restored Catholicism (Europe and World)

Responsible for spreading the word of God

Catholic run schools (open to anyone)

Used education to spread their message

Religious order depicted to the pope

Martin Luther

Lutherism - own interoperation of the bible

Peasant Revolts

Peace of Augsburg Treaty (1555)

Start of a monarch age begins to show

German princes united under Luther

Publicy declared their support under Luther's teaching because they know have the support of the peasants

Peasants revolted against nobility and clergy

They could not afford a Christian life

If they sinned they could not afford to pay the Church to get forgiveness and a pass to heaven

They supported Luther

Luther "disappeared"

June, 1524

Luther - Reformation

All Luther's works were burned

Luther is excommunicated and defrocked (banned from the Church and stripped of his potation as monk) in 1521

Luther refuses to take back what he said about the Church

He did not intend to break with the church he just wanted to reform

Major Contributions of Luther and the Reformation

Caused Catholic Church to consider reforms

Abolition of vows of celibacy for Protestant clergy

Opened door to religious freedom

Only priests could read the bible and their interoperation of it, and made their own relationship to God

Translation of the Bible into German

Before only monks and educated people could read the bible in Latin and Hebrew

Luther's 95 Thesis

"Christians should be taught that he who sees a needy person and passes him by; although he gives money for pardons, wins for himself not Papal indulgences but the wrath of God."

If you do one good deed it will not relive your sin, and it does not help the person in need just makes you feel better

"It is mere talk to preach that the soul flied out immediately the money clinks in the collection box."

The church is just telling you the money will save your soul but it will not make you a better Christian

Printing Press was a huge impact

Considered a Heiratic even if you just read the Thesis

Allowed people to read what Luther is writing

Print mass amount of text for cheap

95 Thesis spelled out the abuses of the church

October 31, 1517

To obtain salvation

Faith in God alone will earn salavtion

Religion is about our personal connection to God

Conflicted by the difference in Catholic teachings/ practice vs. what was said in the biblee

A monk and professor of theology

Salvation ("How do I get to heaven?")

Obtaining Indulgence

Rather than confess your sins just pay the church and get a "pass to heaven"

Indulgences (money) were buying a pass to salvation (heaven)

Veneration of relics

Reasons for the Reformation

Monarchy - Rid kingdom of Church taxes, property, and political influence and take them as their own

Kings and Queens separate from Church to gain taxes

Smaller autonomous cities/republics wanted to run own affairs in a modern way

Politics were changing and effecting religion

Commoners believed that upper levels of churchvwere wealthy and oppressive

People began to question God

Erasmus aka "The Philosophy of Christ"

His beliefs of Christianity

Focus inward = themselves (morals)

Connection to God

Religion is more than just a set of rules, people having the ability to reflect on themselves

Role of Christianity in people

Reading for yourself = more pious (having strong religious feelings)

Human beings able to reason and improve selves

The Printing Press

Allowing for mass text

Education (high class)

Change society, must first change humanity

Northern Renaissance

Goal was the reform the Catholic Church

Christian Humanism

As the Renaissance moved Northward, so did it's ideals

What is the Protestant Reformation?

Reform = making changes

Reformation happens at different places at different times in Europe

The name given to the spiritual/religious reform movement that divided the Western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups

Renaissance

Was the Renaissance a time period of revolutionary change?
Science

Renaissance gave birth to several intellectual movements that eroded the legacy of medieval thought

Magic drained away (Demystification)

Material Philosophy (matter objects, over mind)

Formal skepticism

Better translations of Greek mathematics, astronomy geography, medicine and natural science

Politics

Embassies were established with resident ambassadors, commercial relations were fostered, and alliances were formed and dissolved

Republican governments involved into regimes ruled by despots or oligarches

Religion

Humanism played a direct role in sparking the Reformation

The Renaissance eva was the revolutionary a break within the Roman Catholic Church

Religion formed a social ethic through preachers, teachers, censors and church courts which supported social control

Religion had three crucial tasks

and Community

Salvation: What happened to them was from them sining and that would determine their fate

Providence: They found comfort in the thought of God looking over them

Art

The Renaissance began the modern notion of art as representative of the world external to us, depicting the human condition

Naturalism became popular, painting the natural form, and using more detail

Leonardo Da Vinci's "Last Supper" has a very human Jesus, seeing the divine in the ordinary

Leonardo Da Vinvci was the Renaissance man

He worked with art, science, philosophy and literature

The Renaissance was the Artistic Revolution

The classicism of the renaissance revived interest in the nude human form

The first free-standing life-size statue since ancient times was Donato Donatello's (1386-1466)

The ideals of classicism

Proportion, orders, harmony, symmetry, and the ideal themes

Medieval art was inspired by religious belief and authority

It reflected Christian values and the history of Christianity

A religious focus gave Christianity its "face"

Christian artists painted the world around them

Artists were viewed as 'Geniuses who changes the way people view the world

Church continued to be main purchases of art

Transformed Western ideas of art and changed the status of artists until this day

Dangerous Beauty Movie
What is the role of religion during the Renaissance?

Inquisition

Witch trials

The plague

God's wrath

What is the role of education during the Renaissance?

Humanism played a major role in education

The more educated the better - education was valued

Poetry and literature made a strong apperance

Describe the social hierarchy during the Renaissance?

Poetry and literature made a strong appearance

The nobles, the merchants, the tradesmen and the unskilled workers

Who holds "power" during the Renaissance?

The power is determined by social status and family, it was within the hierarchy (king)

What is the role of women during the Renaissance?

No political rights

For royalty, make an heir to the throne

Duties of a housewife

They had to marry

"The Renaissance" or "Rebirth"
Civic Pride and Humanism

People felt loyalty to their political and social community print

Johanne Gutenberg (1397-1468)

Usually only males could read and write

Promoted language, fostered news and propaganda, encouraged literacy and scholarship, lowered barrier

Books went from rare to common and expensive to cheap

Humanists stressed the importance of education for children, education was to be...

Trade

Power shifted and regimes were ruled by individuals with power or oligarchs

Modern business; such as book keeping, generating letters of credit, system introduced money and credit

City states help supreme religious authority

Merchant class often predominated

Italian city states - Banking centres and economy changed from land to take, credit and opening of markets

Adanced shipbuilding and navigating techniques

Cities such as Venice, Pisa, Milan and Florence during this period

Occurred in Florence, Italy, Italy was commercial bridge between west and wealthier World of Asia

Humanism

Valued knowledge for its own sake, guide to personal and political conduct, however did not abandon Christianity

Renaissance Man

"Independence of mind", a person who mastered all areas of art and thought, becoming a "Complete man", humanity was the world they lived in, "Mans fate could be controlled and improved", da vinci was only person to be "Complete man".

Stressed living in world, human dignity, being responsible

Humanism reveal of Greek and Latin classics - Viewed classics as literature, philosophy and art

The Power of the Church

The Black Death (1347-1351)

Many thought it was punishment of God

Killed between 25-45% of population

Began in Asia (China) covered by fleas which lived on backs of rats

Spread faster due to, increasing trade

Beginning 1200's, person accused of heresy was trailed, in religious court called an Inquistion

Punishments included; Seizure, destruction of property, banishment, torture, and death (such as burning at the stake)

Inquisition those who confessed received milder punishment

Heresy is belief that is apposed to teaching of the church

Christendom

Pope ruled Christian church

Church was often the only way to get an education - biased Christian education

Christianity was the most important influence

Feudalism

Villages were not allowed to leave village without permission only case many be women for marriage

Economic system -> based on agriculture

System of loyalties and protections

Middle Ages to Renaissance
Strong belief in Christianity
Life during the middle ages were hard

Hygiene, Security, and Tax

Illness (Closed courters)

Structures (Houses)

Medieval (latin term) = dark ages
Next 1000 years were called the middle ages
Fall of Rome -> End of ancient history