CONDITIONALS

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CONDITIONALS

Special cases

Reduced conditional

Had I known, I would have told you.

Form: Omit "if" and invert the subject and verb of the if-clause.

Use: Often used in informal speech and writing to make sentences more concise.

Inverse conditional

If I were not tired, I would go out

Form: If + negative clause, positive main clause

Use: Used to express a condition that is the opposite of what is true or likely

Alternatives to if

In case

In case of fire, use the fire extinguisher

In case of + clause, main clause

Is to imagine a future situation, we often use to imagine precaution necessary, it´s not the same a as If

Supposing/ Suppose or What if

Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?

Supposing/Suppose or What if + clause, main clause

Introduces a hypothetical situation, is for imaginary conditions

Provided

Provided that you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Provided that + clause, main clause

Indicates a condition that must be met for something to happen, necessary conditions

but for

so long as

Unless

Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam

Unless + positive statement

To express a negative condition, similar to if...not

If clauses

As if or as though

wish

Would

If only

Had

If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake

If I had + past participle, would have + past participle

Expresses a past unreal condition

Should

Should it rain, we will cancel the picnic

Should + subject + infinitive, would + infinitive

Less likely situations, often with uncertainty

Were to

If I were to win the lottery, I would donate a large sum to charity

If + subject + were to + infinitive, would + infinitive

More formal and less likely situations

Mixed conditional

If I had studied harder, I would be passing the exam now

If + past simple, would have + past participle

If + past perfect, would + infinitive

Mixing past and present unreal situations

Third conditional

If I had gone to sleep early, I would have gotten up early

If + past perfect, would have + past participle

Unreal situation in the past

Second conditional

If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world

If + past simple, would + infinitive

Unreal or unlikely situation in the present or future

First conditional

If the sun comes out, I will take the clothes out to dry

If + present simple, will + infinitive

Real possibility in the present or future

Zero conditional

If you heat water, it boils

If + present simple, present simple

To express general truths, scientific facts, or habits