Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)

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Fundus photograph of clinically significant macular edema demonstrating retinal exudates within the fovea.

Retinal findings in background diabetic retinopathy, including blot hemorrhages (long arrow), microaneurysms (short arrow), and hard exudates (arrowhead). (Bhavsar, 2015)

Disease Time Course

Advanced Stages: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) Retinal ischemia stimulates proliferation of new, equally weak blood vessels which lead to severe conditions and vision loss. Diabetic Retinopathy - Topic Overview. (2014, June 1). Retrieved November 25, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/tc/diabetic-retinopathy-topic-overview

Treatment (WebMD, 2014)

VEGF Medications that shrink the proliferating capillaries. Used in cases of long-standing vitreous hemorrhaging or retinal detachment.

Vitrectomy Surgical removal of vitreous gel in cases of severe scar tissue formation, vitreous hemorrhaging, or retinal detachment.

Diagnoses (Bhavsar, 2015)

Neuronal Complications (Wan, 2015)

Altered functionality of retinal sensory nerve

Impaired autonomic innervation to pupil

Reduced corneal nerve sensations

Neovascularization Hallmark of PDR. Retinal ischemia stimulates growth of new, weak retinal capillaries, which subsequently develop microaneurysms and hemorrhage.

Macular Edema Retinal edema that occurs centrally effects the macula, resulting in macular edema - the leading cause of vision loss in diabetics

Vitreous Hemorrhaging Blood clots escaping into vitreous humor

Retinal Detachment Resulting from scar tissue pulling on the retina

Partial or total loss of vision

Floaters

Blurred, double, distorted vision

Early Stages: Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) Hypoglycemia-induced weakening of retinal capillaries resulting in leakage of blood and fluid into retinal pigment epithelium. (Wan, 2015)

Treatment

Laser Photocoagulation Laser is used to destroy/shrink abnormally, weakened blood vessels in retina.

Diagnoses

Retinal Edema & Hard Exudates Ruptured capillaries allow fluids and protein to accumulate in retina, causing it to sweep. Hard exudates (yellow spots) are lipid residue that are left behind on retina.

Dot & Blot Hemorrhages Microaneurysms rupture at various layers causing blood leakage into retina.

Microaneurysms Earliest clinical manifestation of DR resulting from diabetes-induced vascular changes such as endothelial proliferation and pericyte damage, which leads to capillary out-pouching and subsequent aneurysm formation.

Symptoms

Asymptomatic

Epidemiology, At a Glance... Bhavsar, A. (2015, April 1). Diabetic Retinopathy. Retrieved November 25, 2015, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview#showall Paulus, Y., & Ray, G. (2009). Diabetic Retinopathy: A growing concern in an aging population. Geriatrics, 64(2), 16-26.

Increased risk for patients of Native American, Hispanic, and African American heritage

Responsible for approximately 8,000 eyes becoming blinder each year, and is therefore, responsible for 12% of all blindness.

Prevalence of 28.5% in diabetic patients aged 40+

Effects approximately 700,000 persons in the US, with an annual incidence of 65,000 cases.

Strong correlation between duration of diabetes and development of DR.

DR development is rare within the first 5 years of onset of diabetes, and risk increases thereafter.

Leading cause of irreversible blindness in working-age Americans.

Retinal disease classified by microvascular and neuronal complications of diabetes. Wan, T., Li, X., Sun, Y., Li, Y., & Su, Y. (2015). Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of diabetic retinopathy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 74, 145-147. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2015.08.002

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)