Habitat Conservation

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Habitat Conservation

Habitats (National Geographic)

Urban

Tundra

Rain Forests

Oceans

Grasslands

Freshwater

Deserts

Impacts on Habitats (Wikipedia)

The IPAT Formual

I = P × A × T

Where: I = Environmental impact, P = Population, A = Affluence (level of consumption), T = Technology (impact per unit of resource)

Natural Impacts

Interactions of invasive and non-invasive species

Catastrophic Events

Warming of Oceans

Coral Bleaching: Killing coral reefs

Human Impacts

Impacts

Negative Reactions

Killing of "unpleaseant" creatures

Human Settlements

Anthropogenic Climate Change

Slash & Burn Agriculture

Mass Agriculture

Increased CO2

The extinction threat is estimated to range from 15 to 37 percent of all species by 2050,[42][43] or 50 percent of all species over the next 50 years.

Acidification or ocean: Killing marine animals

Killing honey bees

Hunting/Fishing

The 6th Extinction

23% of all mammals and 12% of all birds are Red Listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), meaning they too are threatened with extinction.

The Global Amphibian Assessment[26] reports that amphibians are declining on a global scale faster than any other vertebrate group, with over 32% of all surviving species being threatened with extinction

It is estimated that two-thirds of all mammal genera and one-half of all mammal species weighing at least 44 kilograms (97 lb) have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years.

The global extinction rate may be approximately 100,000 times higher than the natural background extinction rate

Conservation biologists are dealing with and have published evidence from all corners of the planet indicating that humanity may be causing the sixth and greatest planetary extinction event.

Status of oceans and reefs

90% of all of the large, open ocean tuna, billfishes, and sharks in the ocean are reportedly gone.

By 2000, 27% of the world's coral reef ecosystems had effectively collapsed.

Conservation Biology (Wikipedia)

Conservation Approaches

Ex-situ conservation

The process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans. While ex-situ conservation comprises some of the oldest and best known conservation methods, it also involves newer, sometimes controversial laboratory methods.

In-situ conservation

On-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species. It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agroecosystems by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming practices.

Systematic conservation planning

1. Compile data on the biodiversity of the planning region 2. Identify conservation goals for the planning region 3. Review existing conservation areas 4. Select additional conservation areas 5. Implement conservation actions 6. Maintain the required values of conservation areas

Definition: the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction.

Fungi are essential for sustainability of forests.

The value of insects in the biosphere is enormous because they outnumber all other living groups in measure of species richness. The greatest bulk of biomass on land is found in plants, which is sustained by insect relations.

Conservation Organizations

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) iucn.org

Red List

EX- Extinct

Hawaii Chaff Flower

Coosa Elktoe

United States (Alabama)

EW- Extinct in the Wild

Bastard Gumwood

Saint Helena

Infestation of plant/animal

Firewood Resource

Wyoming Toad

United States

Predators

Pesticides

Disease

Infestation of plant/animals

CR- Critically Endangered

Greenflower Indian Mallow

Infestation of plants/animals

Mekong Giant Salmon Carp

Lao People's Democratic Republic; Cambodia; Thailand

EN- Endangered

Himalayan Yew

Bhutan; China (Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Viet Nam

Medicinal Resources

Gierra's Blind Snake

Tanzania

VU- Vulnerable

Round-leaved Chaff Flower

United States (Hawaiian Is.)

Infestation of other plants/animals

Leopard Fringe-fingered Lizard

Egypt; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Habitat Loss

Quarrying

Overgrazing

NT- Near Threatened

Dwarf Cypress

Australia (Western Australia)

Bedriaga's Fringe-fingered Lizard

Algeria

Fragmented habitat

LC- Least Concern

Hoop Pine

Australia (New South Wales, Queensland); Indonesia (Irian Jaya); Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group))

Fire

Drought

Invasion by other plants/Animals

Pastoralism

Agriculture

Deforestation

Highland Brush Mouse

Papua New Guinea

There appear to be no significant threats to this species.

RARE Conservation rareconservation.org

Wildlife Conservation Society wcs.org

Conservation International conservation.org

The Nature Conservancy nature.org

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) worldwildelife.org

What is habitat conservation? (Wikipedia)

A land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore habitat areas for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range.

Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International)

The Ocean

Threats

Pollution

Invasion of plants/animals

Development

Climate Change

Overfishing

South America

Tumbes - Choc

Remaining Habitat: 65,903 km²

Original Extent: 274,597 km²

Tropical Andes

Remaining Habitat: 385,661 km²

Original Extent: 1,542,644 km²

Chilean Winter Rainfall - Valdivian Forests

Remaining Habitat: 119,143 km²

Original Extent: 397,142 km²

Cerrado

Remaining Habitat: 438,910 km²

Original Extent: 2,031,990 km²

North America

Mesoamerica

Remaining Habitat: 226,004 km²

Original Extent: 1,130,019 km²

Madrean Pine - Oak Woodlands

Remaining Habitat: 92,253 km²

Original Extent: 461,265 km²

Caribbean Islands

Remaining Habitat: 22,955 km²

Original Extent: 229,549 km²

California Floristic Province

Conservation

Area Protected in Categories I-IV: 30,002 km²

Area Protected: 108,715 km²

Taxonomic Groups

Human Population Density: 121 people/km²

Extinct Species: 2

Fresh Water Fishes

Percent Endemism: 20.5

Endemic Species: 15

Species: 73

Amphibians

Percent Endemism: 54.3

Endemic Species: 25

Species: 46

Reptiles

Percent Endemism: 5.8

Species: 69

Mammals

Percent Endemism: 11.5

Endemic Species: 5

Species: 157

Birds

Percent Endemism: 2.4

Endemic Species: 4

Species: 340

Plants

Percent Endemism: 60.9

Endemic Species: 2,124

Species: 3,488

Europe

New Caledonia

Remaining Habitat: 5,122 km²

Original Extent: 18,972 km²

Mediterranean Basin

Remaining Habitat: 98,009 km²

Original Extent: 2,085,292 km²

Caucasus

Habitat Remaining: 27%

Remaining Habitat: 143,818 km²

Original Extent: 532,658 km²

Australia

Southwest Australia

Remaining Habitat: 107,015 km²

Original Extent: 356,717 km²

Polynesia - Micronesia

Habitat Remaining: 21%

Remaining Habitat: 10,015 km²

Original Extent: 47,239 km²

New Zealand

Habitat Remaining: 22%

Remaining Habitat: 59,443 km²

Original Extent: 270,197 km²

East Melanesian Islands

Habitat Remaining: 30%

Remaining Habitat: 29,815 km²

Original Extent: 99,384 km²

Asia

Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

Habitat Remaining: 23%

Remaining Habitat: 43,611 km²

Original Extent: 189,611 km²

Wallacea

Remaining Habitat: 50,774 km²

Original Extent: 338,494 km²

Sundaland

Remaining Habitat: 100,571 km²

Original Extent: 1,501,063 km²

Philippines

Habitat Remaining: 7%

Remaining Habitat: 20,803 km²

Original Extent: 297,179 km²

Mountains of Southwest China

Remaining Habitat: 20,996 km²

Original Extent: 262,446 km²

Mountains of Central Asia

Remaining Habitat: 172,672 km²

Original Extent: 863,362 km²

Japan

Habitat Remaining: 20%

Remaining Habitat: 74,698 km²

Original Extent: 373,490 km²

Irano - Anatolian

Remaining Habitat: 134,966 km²

Original Extent: 899,773 km²

Indo - Burma

Remaining Habitat: 118,653 km²

Original Extent: 2,373,057 km²

Himalaya

Remaining Habitat: 185,427 km²

Original Extent: 741,706 km²

Africa

Succulent Karoo

Habitat Remaining: 29%

Remaining Habitat: 29,780 km²

Original Extent: 102,691 km²

Maputaland - Pondoland - Albany

Habitat Remaining: 24%

Remaining Habitat: 67,163 km²

Original Extent: 274,136 km²

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands

Remaining Habitat: 60,046 km²

Original Extent: 600,461 km²

Horn of Africa

Habitat Remaining: 5%

Remaining Habitat: 82,968 km²

Original Extent: 1,659,363 km²

Guinean Forests of West Africa

Habitat Remaining: 15%

Remaining Habitat: 93,047 km²

Original Extent: 620,314 km²

Eastern Afromontane

Remaining Habitat: 106,870 km²

Original Extent: 1,017,806 km²

Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa

Habitat Remaining: 10%

Remaining Habitat: 29,125 km²

Original Extent: 291,250 km²

Cape Floristic Region

Habitat Remaining: 25%

Remaining Habitat: 73,451 km²

Original Extent: 293,804 km²

Atlantic Forest

Habitat Remaining: 8%

Remaining Habitat: 99,944 km²

Original Extent: 1,233,875 km²