por James Bell 13 anos atrás
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Practicalities of sexual vulnerability, pregnancy, child care, education
Philosophical?
Intellectual sex =P
Physical and spiritual?
Judith Butler's postmodernist approach
The culture of compulsory heterosexuality
Acting like John Wayne vs. John Wayne acting like john wayne
Ecofeminism
treatment of women and environment considered in union
Cultural Feminism
articulating the feminie
Existentialist and postmodernist
activating free choice
Psychoanalytic
the concept of sexual identity
insight into formation of our emotions, imagining, personhood
Socialist
patriarchy is similar to capitalism in its oppression
collective ovecoming of class oppression
Liberal
Individual rights vs. Authoritarian and trasition based constraints
Cultural Binaries:
Female= Body, Immanence, Matter, Passivity, Receptivity, Mystery, Emotion, Personal, Resistance to decision, Care
Male= Mind, Transcendence, Form, Activity, Clarity, Reason, Public, Decision, Justice
Is sex a class?
Agricultural Revolution
Asymmetric duties?
Patrilinearity
Procreative purposes
ECONOMIC purposes
Scripture?
The Qur'an
Something is messed up if we kill our daughters but all people are God's people
Philosophy?
Plato slept with men too
Plato's Republic
philosophical love
Literature?
Antigone?
Medea
women should stand up for whats right
Are sex and gender (and sexuality) ruled by the needs of society and the family?
Are sex and gender (and sexuality) sacred, that is, among things we should regard as supremely important to define and practice and preserve?
Are sex and gender (and sxuality) natural?
Beauvoir on Other-ing
Wollstonecraft on Authoritarianism
Why is it not called egalitarianism? It sounds more attractive and equalizing!
Richard Rorty
NEOPRAGMATIST, POSTMODERNIST
Consequences of Pragmatism
The philosopher knows there are multiple vocabularies and multiple kinds of problem to address
scientific, moral, political
The things we deal with are always under some description or other (xxix); the only way to verify a claim is to make that world-description more persuasive than its alternatives
The goal is to be good at being human
make choices to produce optimal yield
LIBERAL HUMANISM
Our culture has been post religious since the enlightenment and now it can be post-positivist as well
we are never in the truth. we can do philosoiphy, but not PHILOSOPHY of universals.
relativity
WE HAVE SCIENCE!
WHAT DO WE NEED PHILOSOPHY FOR?
post philosophical culture
POSTMODERNISM
Foucault
Nothing is knowably true or real. we assume based on prescedent
An intellectual assertion is constituted by discursive practices. It is related to the past invariably.
specific histories of knowledge-formations and discursive practices
Derrida
the deconstruction of all supposedly necessary grounds and forms of meaning
The Linguistic Turn
Heidegger
sounding out the deepest motives of thought suggests that a hermeneutical relationship with a nonobjectifiable Being is the essence of language
wittingstein
analysis of linguistic form shows nthat some things can be said clearly and usefully, and other ways of speaking are nonsensical
The Pragmatic turn
Pragmatism
William James
free will? why does it even matter whether we know or not?
Answerd depend on the end in mind
man vs squirrel stands for dead-end pholosophy
Main Points
Truth happens to be an idea; it verity is its verification
If theological ideas have practical value, they will be true
As long as something makes progress it is true.
Truth grows by leaning on old truths and grasping new facts
build on old to create the new
The “cash value” of an idea is its value of change
American commercialism
VALUE IN CHA NGE
Disregard absolutes and origins and looks for the “fruits”
Our beliefs rule our actions
an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
what are we actually doing or trying to do?
Sartre: a shared humanity that we can take full responsibility for (Existentialism)
William James: continually trying to improve our lives (scientifically and morally [in a democratic society])
Marx: sustaining a materially produced human world
The Epistemological turn
before we establish anything about being, what are we capable of knowing? What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired? How do we know what we know?
Hegel: supreme fulfillment of historical necessity and subjective spiritual freedom
Kant: A Priori reality = shared objective knowledge
Descartes: “I think, therefore I am” Subjective certainty
The Ontological turn
before trying to decide what is real, what can we assume about the being (reality) of anything?
Aristotle: natural processes are intelligible because they are form driven
Potentiality to Actuality
Plato: the formal identities are unchallengeable (the “Forms”)
Parmenides: Being is one; change is making no sense
LIBERATING
Make your own meaning
Construct your LIFE
realize the weight of responsibility and find an essence.
Breath, 1969
No humans, no talking
Junction between existence and language
Not NEGATIVE. This is what happens to your life (what your life is) if you can't find a purpose
Existence brought down to: Birth (scream)...mid life (deep breath)...and death (scream), all juxtaposed to trash.
Play, 1963
Talking heads in urns
They didn't find the essence in their actions
GOAL: find an essence!
MAD RUSH through life to FIND IT
Reflection of actions without consequences
we make little or no progress in life. we do not secure an essence and our choiuces add up to a pitiful and relentless cry for company...even bad company
Not I, 1972
Mouth
Essence in language
mouth has no essence/identity, so it cannot say I
In process of finding essence. She is aware of her existence
She is in third person. the mouth is talking about who it belongs to
zero in on the moment of choice between existence and essence AND the cartesian moment of asserting that one EXISTS
The IMAGERY of EXISTENTIALISM
Existence precedes essence
No a priori facts
good or evil
No God
NO Human Nature/Superior Form
Humans face the consequences
MAN IS HIS ACTIONS
Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself
Man is condemned to be free
Man is NOTHING else than his plan
You make your own destiny and you only fulfill your existence
Freedom has no goal
Man has FULL RESPONSIBILITY
the human being—through his consciousness—creates his own values and determines a meaning for his life because, in the beginning, the human being does not possess any inherent identity or value. By posing the acts that constitute him, he makes his existence more significant.
Forlornness
go fight because actions are necessary for change.
EXAMPLE
Paper Cutter
created for a purpose. It doesnt exist on its own. Humans on the other hand simply exist, but must create their own purpose.
Essence is purpose
Tends to be atheistic (although there is a strand of Christian existentialism deriving from the work of Kierkegaard)
Existence is physical reality
To disparage scientific knowledge, and to deny the existence of objective values, stressing instead the reality and significance of human freedom and experience
Gandhi had influence in American civil rights movement
RELIGIOUS PLURALISM
Embrace all, follow one
Coexistance or Religion is important for we can all learn from one another.
TRUTH
seek truth FIRST
Respect ALL people
The Fasts
Are fasts cohersive?
Assassin though Gandhi was a dictator with too much cohersive influence
But his point is RATIONALIZED by LOVE
Gandhi is bending the will
Yes, but why is that wrong?
Jesus was a political figure
Three Campaigns:
1940-42
Salt tax again!
1930-34
Salt tax
1919-1922
Refusal to pay taxes
Put Thoughts into Action
Self-denial and limitation
purification and limitation
Satyagraha
a policy of passive political resistance, esp. that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India
Empiricism
Learn from experience
Himalayan Blunders
The Will to Admit Mistakes
Thoreau
Civil Disobedience
Tolstoy
apply love and simplicity to contemporary problems
Islam
self controlled leader
Give up Nonessentials
Prudence
All self denial is healthy
admired muhammad
Christianity
Return good for evil
Turn the other cheek
Jainism
Personal and Political!
Nonviolence toward all living things
Ahimsa
NO HARM
Hunduism
No religion greater than the truth
Goal of Politics: Experiment to find Justice, Truth, Etc.
The holy man of our time, it seems, is not a figure like Gotama or jesus or mohammed, a man who could found a world religion, but a figure like Gandhi, a man who passes over by sympathetic understanding from his own religion to the other religions and comes back again with new insight to his own. Passing over and coming back, it seems, is the spiriual adventure of our time. - John Dunne
MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction
Why did the USA use the WMDs on Japan?
Los Alamos under J. Robert Oppenhimer
Einstein's Co-Sponsored letter to FDR
A Pacifist
killing under the cloak of war is an act of murder
The Manhattan Project
Hahn and Strassman produce fission in 1938 in Nazi Germany
FISSION
neutrons collide with atom and split it, releasing enormous amounts of energy proportional to E=mc^2 (and some other math more complex than heritage merits)
E=mc^2
Manifoldness is an illusion
Monistic universe: one substance, two forms: Mass and Energy.
Germany attempts to restrict access to and begins hording uranium
Did not accept quantum mechanics
Relativity
Special Relativity
no preferred inertial state of reference
Length contraction
NO ABSOLUTE simultaneity
depends on reference point
time dilation
Einstein and General relativity, 1916: a new theory of gravity
Gravity replaced with curved spactime within which all things move without acceleration.
gravity is the effect of mass on space
non-euclidean geometry
relative space and time, but they're inseparable
the Photoelectric effect
Black-Body Radiation
E=(h-bar)f
light emitted in quanta of photons proportional to h-bar (planks constant)
Determinism?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Is subatomic reality fixed?
Schrodinger's Cat
Alive? Dead? Neither? Both?
Bohr: Position is undetermined until examined
Michelson-Morely experiment and the "luminiferous aether"
Thomas Young in 1801 proved that there are interference patterns in light and that light must be seen as a wave.
wave-particle duality
Light: Corpuscles in aether
Absolute Space
Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external
It helps to advance scientific knowledge, but while such advances usually improve living standards, they do not always make life safer
Texting while driving
It leads to an ever greater concentration of wealth in the hands of the global elite
It can disrupt local communities, not only economically, but also culturally
Globalization aids democratization, but the relationship between the two is complex
7. While the globalization of politics has often failed to deliver the peace and justice it has promised, the fault may lie less with international institutions than with the willingness of wealthier countries to abide by them
6. Antiglobalization protestors are neither homogenous nor simply afflicted with globophobia
multiple agendas, often a sophisticated understanding of economics
5. Globalization means different things to different people
4. Globalization is not new; its origins date from the Age of Discovery of the 1400's
3. While often regarded as a hegemonic phenomenon, also facilitates resistance to hegemony
2. While often interchangabeably with Amercanization, is a truly global phenomenon
1. While often thought of as an economic phenomenon, often involves economics, politics and culture
Arsenal FC owners: If you're rich, buy a football team!
Disadvantage: Teams become playthings of their owners and can be burdened with debt
Advantage: best players are in England
The controversial economics of globalization
Nike Running Shoes designed in Oregon, but made in indonesia, China, Taiwan, India, etc.
Environmental impact of transport?
Manu Chao and the Zapitastas
sympathy for Zapitastas in Mexico
Uprising against globalization to save corn farmers in mexico
opposition to globalization's economic impact
Sings in multiple languages
a symbol of globalization: global popularity
The Battle of Seattle
Protestors included
Jubilee 2000, international group lobbying for debt relief in the poor nations of Africa
AFL-CIO, concerned about the impact of globalization on American jobs
150 unjustified arrests and police brutality
The unsatisfactory politics of globalization
International Criminal Court
U.S. Still hasnt joined
United NAtions
Core members with veto power are still the wealthy nations
League of Nations (never ratified)
the diminution or elemination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result.
globalization is great
NOT globalism
hippies/hedonists
pleasure seeking
Different Strokes for Different Folks
sayings became advertizing slogans
economic freedom
Move toward positive government (How can it help us?)
war on poverty
Distrust in the Government
Rise of Conspiracy Theories
Nonviolent in the early stages
Sit ins and marches
Alabama
Governor stood in the way of desegration of the education system
Civil War
End of formal slavery, but whites were still in power, even after reconstruction
Vietnam
Escape to freedom?
Buddhist monk embalm(SP) himself in protest
JFK
SPACE RACE!
fueled by arms race technology?
Cuban Missle Crisrs
An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
most important event of the Cold War/1960’s
We'll do ANYTHING for freedom
Advocated civil rights
charismatic president of the early 1960’s
McCarthyism
a vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party
Whites seeking Black freedom
MUSIC
race music (R&B, Rock)
Elvis Prestley
“race music”; rock and roll; SEXUALITY
Blacks seeking white freedom
civil rights movements of the 1950’s and 1960’s
Its about FREEDOM
Korea and Vietnam wars’ casualties
Central American gangs in the U.S.
Stockpiles of nuclear arms on both sides
U.S. regime perceived as motivated by business interests
U.S. perceived as belligerent and arrogant
won at too great a cost to have been worthwhile for the victor
Chile
Allende
Won despite U.S. funding for his opponent
U.S. determination against Allende
Corporate investments
conflict of interest
PLUTOCRATIC INFLUENCE
(problem with globalization)
Anglo-Saxon prejudice
Cold War politics
USSR vs. U.S.
His policy increases inflation and his own party begins to resent him
The military, led by General Pinochet (He imposed a military dictatorship until forced to call elections, giving way to a democratically elected president in 1990)
dies for his beliefs instead
Refuses to give up power
Marxist
Freedom of beliefs
BELIEVER IN DEMOCRACY
Nationalization of production
Nonviolence
Cuba
U.S. aided in their fight for independence from Spain
As protectorate, the U.S. retained the right to intervene
Batista (dictatorship) comes into power
despite support from the U.S., his second government was overthrown by Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were not “originally communists” but nationalists
IDEOLOGY trumped Pragmatism
2 years after Castro was in power, he declares a communist affiliation with the USSR
Embargo gave him a crutch
He paints himself as a victim of failed U.S. foreign policy
Capitalized on Cuba’s tourism
A hotspot of lavish “sin”
Guatemala
Arbenz
Socialist concerned with land
Set off alarms of “Communism” in D.C. and threatened business interests (United Fruit Co./Chiquita Fruit Company)
Eisenhower worked through the C.I.A. to over take Guatemala, which resulted in a civil war until 1990
Gangs rose due to the war
Redistribute land from large holders (United Fruit Co.) to small country workers
Compromise reached for only the confiscation of unused land
“Blowbacks” of foreign policy
happens over expediency
The Cold War was about profits as much as it was about politics
Leftist revolutions are not always communist (maybe socialist or even nationalist)
Political and rhetoric can be polarizing therefore dangerous
improved communication technology makes it even more imparative that we think about what we say before we say it.
Latin America: 40 years of U.S. backed dictatorships
Middle East: Arabs (USSR Support) vs. Israeli state (British & American Support)
Africa: Newly independent states
Vietnam and Cambodia: “Domino Effect” and war
Regan
Evil Empire
Anti-USSR/Communist sentiments
Mccarthyism
Red Scare
Conformism and suspision of all things foreign
COUNTERCULTURE of the 60s
Khrushchev
We Will Bury You
Anti-American/Capitalistic sentiment
Gulag System
a system of labor camps maintained in the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1955 in which many people died
Harry Truman:
“Containment”
a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect
“Truman Doctrine”
the principle that the U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.
Winston Churchill
The Iron Cutrain
Basically a simple subject without much happening
Post-Holocaust Christian thought
Renewed attention to global constructivism
Rooting out anti-Judaism (Vatican response)
Post-Holocaust Jewish thought
The vocation of radical questioning
The vocation of memory
The vocation of Israel (Zionism)
Jewish passivity vs. Christian triumphalism
Jewish divine election vs. Christian concept of “heavenly city”
Night
Passover?
Elies experience at aushwitz
Loneliness, depression, death
Shade that blacks out the soul
Fire
ironic symbol/reversal
Soul?
hell?
desire/will to live
Scilence of God/victims?
Silence of night
NOT LISTENING
never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live.
Jewish Mysticism
God is good, so the world should be good
Nothing exists without God
God Pervades All
Faith based on asking questions
Moshe the Beadle
left, came back, and no one believed him
DENIAL!
RIVETING
Ironic
TRAGIC
Elie Wiesel
Dramatic irony in beginning creates huge tension
Jewish Heritage adds subjectivity.
violence may or may not be accurate
Raised by the Torah with complete confidence in his faith
“Eugenics”
(the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis.)
Led to aggressive nationalism
Removal of legal rights (Civic assimilation is IMPOSSIBLE)
Alfred Herzl (1860-1904)
Zionism
Call for a state
For safety since they can't be accepted elsewhere
a movement for (originally) the reestablishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1899
Pasificism
Concluded that the maltreatment of Jews required a new Jewish State
Create a Blamed Party: The Jews
The Dreyfus Affair
Captain Dreyfus framed for treason against Germany
Hysteria ensued after it was clear he was framed for being Jewish
Military and Jewish Problem
Houston Stewart Chamberlin
Jews= constantly negative
NAZI CUE
Aryans= good producers/citizens
19th Century
Jews begin to assimilate into western culture, and in turn, Christian culture
Jewish Hatred not an old scenario.
century of Jewish emancipation (post French Revolution)
Napoleon introduced change, especially in Germany
Laws changed to take away historic disabilities
The Enlightenment
called for a move beyond theocracies
A THREAT TO ENLIGHTENMENT!
The Jewish population insists on making religion a major part of their political identity
Middle Ages Jews
terrible legal status due to Christian resentment
Only gained all rights if they converted to Christianity
Simple Kindness
Liberal Internationalism
U.N. Charter
liberal organization for resolution and peace
Marshall Plan
Give Free Money
A large-scale economic program, 1947–1951, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe
Allied War Aims
Unconditional surrender, no more war, poverty, etc
Atlantic Charter
A declaration of eight common principles in international relations drawn up by Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941, which provided the ideological basis for the United Nations organization
Freedom of Nationality
Freedom of religion
Freedom from poverty
Absurdism
Waiting For Godot
Slaughterhouse Five (1969)
Watch WWII Backwards
Moral ambiguity
ATOMIC BOMB
The good still did questionable things
Leaders still important in industrialized war
Value of life is lessened
Increase mass destruction:
Atomic Bomb
Biggest Technopolitical project of WWII
"god's Gift"
Strategic Bombing
of civilians
Nazi Holocaust of the Jews
Total war at home
Natural and Human Resources
Rosie the Riviter
Feminine Empowerment
Fireside Chats
everyone involved (e.g. women in factories, victory gardens, etc…)
Battle of Britain:
Air defgense system coordinated radar, radio, and decryption
Enigma
MODERN COMPUTER!
IFF (Identify Friend or Foe)
Blitzkrieg: an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory
Fascism (Germany & Italy)
nationalism
mass politics
Propaganda
violent, direct action
embraced modern technology
Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach.
Stalin’s Gigantism
Emphasis on complex methods of production
Forced industrialization and labor
at the EXPENSE of NATURE
building the USSR as an industrial superpower
In order to be successful, modern states need to coordinate multiple technologies and large masses of people as part of technopolitical systems. This increased individual feelings of helplessness and alienation
the primary, if not the only, goal of human labor and thought is efficiency, that technical calculation is in all respects superior to human judgment ... and that the affairs of citizens are best guided and conducted by experts.
Humans became used to it
Mines (Strip Mining) destroyed water table and rivers
Planetary Destruction now Possible
development and production of weapons and munitions (1930's)
Women wanted birth control
they wanted it because their husbands were so depressed, but they could not afford any more children
SNOW WHITE
The ideal 20s female
Naiive, takes care of men, needs a man to save her
WHEN TIMES GET ROUGH, people are willing to break down social/societal norms.
Sometimes women could get jobs easier than men
Some were ready to take on "negro" jobs, but not women's work though
Mean are now NOT the primary breadwinners
Rich man saved by lifeguard complaines about losing his hat in the water
Individualism
Charasmatic communicator (fireside chats)
RESTORE CONFIDENCE BY BEING CONFIDENT!
Built up American Morale
The PRAGMATIC capitalist!
Helped Capitalism and democracy survive
Death is worse than governmental reliance.
The great bullshit market
Inflate the BUBBLE!
Buy now in order to sell later
ZEITGEIST OF OPTIMISM!
Speculation
IRRATIONAL EXUBERANCE
Less Sacrifice
more ME and less US
Lavish Lifestyles: The Roaring 20's
Advertizing Industry
Buy It! It'll make you feel good now!
What if people don't have money?
Buy Credit!
Help us avoid progressive taxation and government spending
MADE COLLAPSE WORSE!
Let those without money buy stuff
Sell Abroad?
everyone has the same problem, so no one will buy
A mass consumption economy cannot function with a maldistributed wealth. The RICH must SPEND to SHARE WEALTH!
Developed from wartime propaganda
Personal Pleasure
U.S
Mass Consumption = Mass Production
Economy encouraging people to buy
Consumption oriented capitalism
Go into debt for WANTS. It is okay!
destroying traditional values: Save Save Save!
Credit
Overall disposable income grew from 1920-1929
put off the economy’s collapse, but ultimately made it worse
Advertisement
BUY BUY BUY!
The RISE of a NEW INDUSTRY
Keep the customer dissatisfied
I can't get no satisfaction
Versailles Settlement
War to end all war produced the peace to end all peace
World’s largest creditor nation
The U.S. used to owe, now people owe the u.s.
From debting to crediting
Impact of the war on thought
Loss of faith in progress
War, Nature, and the imagination
Sunrise became a symbol of attack, not renewal
Total number of soldiers killed
36% of the young men aged 19-22
9 Million
1919
Treaty of Versailles blames Germany for the war and imposes harsh punishments
1917-18
The United States enters the War
War aims of President Woodrow Wilson: Idealism of 14 points and pragmatism of U.S. national interests
The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.
Idealism
Failed League of Nations
U.S Contribution
manpower helps Allies in 1918 campaigns
Zimmerman Telegram, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Loans to Allies
1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was declined by Mexico, due to a Civil War in the country, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S. declaration of war in April.
1917
Allied demoralization, collapse, mutiny
British Anti-war sentiment
Wilfred Owen
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori
How sweet and fitting to die for one's country
France: The Nevelle Offensive and the French Mutiny
a 1917 French attack on the Western Front in the First World War. Promised as the assault that would end the war within 48 hours, with casualties expected of around 10,000 men, it failed on both counts.
Oct. 1917
Bolshevik Communist Revolution, led by V. I. Lenin
Feb. 1917
Tsar Nicholas II abdicates, Provisional Government installed
Industrial Warfare and the management of human resources
Colonial Contributions: Bodies and Resources
Bodies and minds pushed to the limit:
Trauma and Freudian Psychology
Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome
Manpower depletion: War of Attrition, Citizen Armies, "lads" battalions
a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions
New technologies: gas, artillery registration, tanks
The world at war
Italy, Eastern Europe, Africa, Middle East
The western front, 1914-17
TOTAL WAR
Government Planning
all parties are engaged in ear actions and efforts
Women Working
Mass Conscription
Myth of stalemate: reality of small movement and technological and tactical innovation
a situation in which further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems impossible
1914
Battles for Belgium and France
New Rifles, Artillery, Machine-guns heavily favor defenders
Schieffen Plan
German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.
The Crisis of July 1914
Sarajevo, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Alliance system, hasty decision making (influenced by communications technology), nationalism
Strong national sentiments and easy imperial conquest
Thoughts of easy conquest
Communication improvements led toward more hasty decisions
Rigid system controlled by nationalism and geography
Free Trade?
Industrialization: a move to the cities; increased poverty
Social and technological progress appeared to make war unlikely
Technological progress in early 20th century
radio
aircraft
mass production
petroleum
Automobiles
Doubts about progress?
Tolstoy's critique of modernity
Science leads away from religion*?
Industrialization leads toward spiritual corruption
The negative consequences of industrialization and free trade
Western Faith in Progress:
Racism and Technological Imperialism
superior technologies will guarantee Euro-dominance
Nineteenth century liberals, Marxists, Imperialists
1927-1953
Defeat of HITLER in Nazi Germany in WWII
Stalin Rules the USSR
Purges and GENOCIDE
Five Year Plans
Government plan for economic development over 5 years
Cult of Personality
Excesive public admiration for or devotion to Stalin
1924
Lenin Dies
Successors?
Stalin
Socialism in ONE country
Must be strongly established in our country to lead or support revolution elsewhere
Trotsky
Dismanteled Bureaucracy
THEORETICAL marxism
Permanent/internatiuonal revolution
Socialism MUST exist everywhere to have socialism anywhere
Russian Civil War (Red vs. White: Red Wins)
1918
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: end Russian involvement with WWII
February Revolution (1917)
NOVEMBER
Bolshevik-Soviet Alliance took over government
OCTOBER 1917
Take over Government in St. Petersburg
Support from the soldiers stationed there
Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky
Political Parties
The Mensheviks (minority)
Mass revolution and open membership
From Bolsheviks (majority)
Professional Revolutionaries
The VANGUARD of the Proletariat
Lenin returns to Russia
April Theses
Lenin's Plan for Revolution
Communist Party
New Name for Bolsheviks
ALL power to the Soviets
Allies with the existing soviets
Nationalization of banks
Confiscation of land
Destroy the basis of capitalism
Abolition of state bureaucracy, police, military
Agents of the bourgeoisie
Oppress the masses
Revolutionary Defeatism
Russia should lose WWI to weaken the government
Duma warned of impending civil war
Nicholas II abdicated
Thousands of Riots throughout Russia
Some refused to fire, others joined the protest
Removal of soldiers from war front to defend government
1914-18
WWI loss; Great casualties for a large army (10 MILLION)
Starving population and military
REVOLUTION! (1905)
Duma
First-ever Russian assembly/legislature
Soviets
workers’ councils; political organization; called for representation
“Bloody Sunday” Czarist guards fired at unarmed protestors
Russo-Japanese War
Loss; geo-political embarrassment; failed attempt at nationalism
Czar Nicolas II (1894-1917)
absolutism, pogroms (an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia), and Russification”
Industrialization created a “working class” BUT rural peasants (most of the population) were desperately poor.
Ivan III Tsar/Czar “Caesar” (1533-1584)
marries a “Romanov” thus a certain claim to the title of Czar
Muscovy free Russia from Mongols (1283-1547)
Absolute Divine-Right monarchy for 300 years
Center of the world
Double Headed Eagle on the national emblem
Cyrillic Language
not Latin based language
Eastern Orthodox
NOT Catholicism NOR Protestantism
“Slavic” ethnicity
Amritsar Massacre
British Indian Army soldiers, commanded by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, began shooting at an unarmed gathering of men, women, and children without warning.
Cultural Hegemony
the Raj in India (1958-1947)
Social Darwinism
scientific justification for imperialism
“The White Man’s Burden”- Rudyard Kipling
“a destiny now possible to us”“for all the world a source of light”“and this is what she must either do, or perish: she must found colonies as fast and as far she is able, formed of her most energetic and worthiest men”
Strategic Reasons
Geographical Importance
Industrial Growth
Military Power
Economic Imperialism “informal empire”
e.g. U.K. & Brazil, Argentina, Thailand, and parts of China
Instruments of political control
Protectorates: a state that is controlled and protected by another.e.g. U.S.A. & Cuba, U.K. & Egypt
the colonial expansion adopted by Europe's powers and, later, Japan and the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries; expansion took place from the French conquest of Algeria until World War I; mostly mainland Africa and Asia
1914- the outbreak of WWI
c.1880- The Scramble for Africa: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and others race to carve up the continent; the process was finished by 1914 with the outbreak of WWI
1815- Britain defeats Napoleon and confirms its place as a the world’s superpower
NOW
New Narrative
EXPRESSING THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH!
Coming to terms with violence and dictatorships
Poetic way of writing
Luisa Valenzuela
Christina Peri Rossi
The Boom
Carolina Maria de Jesus
Clarice Lispector
Reinaldo Arneas
Hallucination
Mario Vargas losa
Carlos Fuentes
Julio Cortazar
The Night Face Up
Politics
WAR OF THE FLOWERS
bloody past of latin america
THE PAST ISNT DEAD! in fact, its not even past!
Metaphysical Duality
humor
Motecas
fake tribe of the motor bike
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Onehundred Years of Solitude
Magical Realism
Latin American writers begin exploring identity issues and write in a loose manner (contextually and structurally)
Always had MOTIVES: NEVER for fun
New Directions
Alejo Carpentier
Novels Essay, Nonfiction
On the Marvelous Real in America
Latin America is UNIQUE! and NEW!
Problem with copying Eurpoean Models
Jorge Luis Borges
almost all genres
Forgeries and Hoaxes
Gabriela Mistral
Poet
Reuben Dario
poet
azul, prosas profanas y otra poemas and cantos de vida y esperanza
Horacio Quiroga
Disciple of Edgar Allan Poe
Stories of love maddness and death
Subject MAtter includes death, supernatural, twists
Modernism in Latin American Literature
Intellectuals wrote many genres
Jose Marti (Cuba) 1853-1895
Major works
Free Verses
Simple Verses
Our America
journalism, porry, essay
Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda (Cuba) 1814-1873
autobiography, novels, plays
(Sab; the Latin American Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
Mulatto portrayed as more noble than a white man
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentina) 1911-1888
Major works: Novel and autobiography
Facundo, or Civilization vs. Barbarism (1845)
President of Argentina, 1868-1874
growing nationalism and the problem of the “other”
Latin American writers questioned minority populations as they gained independence
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Major Works
Answer to Sor Filotea (1691)
Women should be able to do stuff!
Published in 1700 in Madrid
The Athenagoric Letter (1960)
Essay
Prose
Poetry
Feminism
Highly Intellectual
Mexican
dealing with social issues and the reformation/counter-reformation
Conquest and discovery
SPEAK TRUTH TO POWER
Fray Bartolome de las Casas
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies
account of the abuses of native cultures in spanish colonies
Published in 1552
1542
1514
Religious Conversion
1502
Originally a conquistador
Ordained first priest in the Americas
Writings to please the king and queen of spain
Columbus
The Four Voyages: Testament (1492,93,98,1502)
Textual Evidence of Deeds Accomplished for the Crown
Make yourself look good (almost fiction)
Keeping a log
This is how part I of The Bear ends, with the bear’s appearing to Ike and then fading into the woods. The water-imagery with the fish picks up on the bear’s footsteps filling with water.
The footprints of the bear. And notice that each footprint disappears dissolves into the wet mud again – just a second after Ike sees it. The ground is wet and each footprint lasts only a short time before it disappears, so this means that Ike is right on the trail of the bear. He’s right behind him.
“moving, not hurrying, running, but merely keeping pace with them as they appeared before him as though they were being shaped out of thin air just one constant pace short of where he would lose them forever and be lost forever himself, tireless, eager, without doubt or dread, panting a little above the strong rapid little hammer of his heart, emerging suddenly into a little glade and the wilderness coalesced.”“It [that is, the wilderness] rushed, soundless and solidified—the tree, the bush, the compass and the watch glinting where a ray of sunlight touched them. Then he saw the bear. It did not emerge, appear: it was just there, immobile, fixed in the green and windless noon’s hot dappling, not as big as he had dreamed it but as big as he had expected, bigger, dimensionless against the dappled obscurity, looking at him. Then it moved.”“It crossed the glade without haste, walking for an instant into the sun’s full glare and out of it, and stopped again and looked back at him across one shoulder. Then it was gone. It didn’t walk into the woods. It faded, sank back into the wilderness without motion as he had watched a fish, a huge old bass, sink back into the dark depths of its pool vanish without even any movement of its fins.”
Why does Ike repudiate his inheritance
Faulkner’s longest meditation on slavery and the Civil War
Ike’s intuition in the wilderness is part of what fits him to be the one who follows in Sam’s footsteps. And also note that Ike’s reading of the ledger feels a little bit like his following the footprints of the Bear: He almost sees what’s ahead of him right before he gets there.
“so he did next as Sam had coached him and drilled him: made this next circle in the opposite direction and much larger, so that the pattern of the two of them would bisect his track somewhere, but crossing no trace nor mark anywhere of his feet or any feet, and now he was going faster though still not panicked, his heart beating a little more rapidly but strong and steady enough, and this time it was not even the tree because there was a log down beside it which he had never seen before and beyond the log a little swamp, a seepage of moisture somewhere between earth and water, and he did what Sam had coached and drilled him as the next and the last, seeing as he sat down on the log the crooked print, the warped indentation in the wet ground which while he looked at it continued to fill with water until it was level full and the water began to overflow and the sides of the print began to dissolve away. Even as he looked up he saw the next one, and moving, the one beyond it…”
To escape his past
“Eunice Bought by Father in New Orleans 1807 $650. dolars. Marrid to Thucydus 1809 Drownd in Crick Christmas Day 1882June 21th 1833 Drownd herself23 Jun 1833 Who in hell ever heard of a [slave] drownding him selfAug 13th 1833 Drownd herselfTomasina called Tomy Daughter of Thucydus at Eunice Born 1810 dide in Child bed June 1833 and Burd. Yr stars fell”“…just Fathers will and he had seen that too: old Carothers’ bold cramped hand far less legible than his sons’ even and not much better in spelling, who . . . made no effort either to explain or obfuscate the thousand-dollar legacy to the son of an unmarried slave-girl”
Inferences:
Old Carothers made Eunice his “mistress.” He impregnated her in 1810 and had her marry another slave to cover this up. Eunice drowned herself when her daughter Tomasina was three months pregnant by old Carothers, her (Tomasina’s) own father. Eunice drowned herself in the creek because after discovering this she found life intolerable.
What dies alongside Sam, Ben, and Lion?
Wilderness
Why does Sam die when Lion and Ben do? There’s nothing physically wrong with Sam?
Only as part of a nature rite does [Sam’s] death become fully understandable. It is as if the priest and the god are possessed of the same soul. The priest fulfills his function; his magic makes the god vulnerable to the men. He has to do it; and according to the human standards, he wins a victory for his tribe. But it is a victory for which the only fit reward is the death he is content to accept.
Universal Archaetypes
The neophyte or young initiate: the boy, Ike
The wise guide or holy man: Sam Fathers
“There was a man and a dog too this time. Two beasts, counting Old Ben, the bear, and two men, counting Boon Hogganbeck, in whom some of the same blood ran which ran in Sam Fathers, even though Boon’s was a plebian strain of it and only Sam and Old Ben and the mongrel Lion were taintless and incorruptible.”
There was a man and a dog this time too. “Too”? “this time”? What other time are we supposed to know about? “Two beasts, counting Old Ben, the bear, and two men, counting Boon Hoggenbeck, in whom some of the same blood ran which ran in Sam Fathers”: What blood? As ran in whom? We don’t know who Sam Fathers is. Now, Faulkner does use the same characters over and over again in his different books, but this opening is confusing not because the reader is supposed to know these characters from other works by Faulkner. The beginning is confusing because Faulkner writes in the modernist style. “even though Boon’s was a plebian strain of it and only Sam and Old Ben and the mongrel Lion were taintless and incorruptible.”
Myth-criticism
Carl Jung
Universal Patterns
Archetypes are believed to be the products of unconscious patterns that have been ‘hardwired’ into the brain over the course of human evolution (although some argue that these are purely the products of cultural conditioning). They are found in the themes of myths (e.g. death and rebirth), characters in literature (e.g. heroes and villains), and imagery in dreams (e.g. eyes and teeth).
Since they are unconscious, they only appear through studying the common patterns which emerge across cultures and countries.
The collective Unconscious:
According to Freud, the conscious mind of the individual is like the tip of the iceberg: just a small part of the mind compared to the vast, unconscious mind. According to Freud, we find evidence of the existence of the unconscious mind in our dreams. Dreams contain symbols that, if interpreted, give us some insight into the desires that we have repressed. And while Freud developed a theory of the unconscious mind of the individual, Karl Jung developed the theory of the collective unconscious: This is the repository of our racial member – the unconscious of a whole people or even of the whole human race.
FREUD
conscious mind is just the tip of the iceberg. Ther subconscious mind is the supplies us with out motivations, rational or not. The UNCONSCIOUS works through SYMBOLS.
less interested in the specific qualities of a given work than in those features of its narrative structure or symbolism that seem to connect it to ancient myths and religions
Ike by age sixteen and Sam are the best hunters, and both have opportunities to kills the bear – Why don’t they?
[I]f we consider old Ben’s death as symbolizing man’s destruction of the wilderness[,] [t]hen the deed cannot be performed by Ike or Sam, for it would be essentially vicious, done in violation of the rules by men ignorant or disrespectful of the rules [. . .] Old Ben is not merely an extraordinary bear representing the wilderness and impervious to all but the most skillful or improper attacks. He is the totem animal, the god who can never be bested by men [. . . ] but only by a non-human Boon with Lion, the instrument fashioned by the high priest.
The Bear's 5 Part Structure:
Part 1 culminates in Ike’s seeing the bear.Part 2: Lion comes and is tamed by Sam.Part 3: The bear-hunt: Old Ben, Lion, and Sam Fathers all die. Lion’s funeral.Part 4: Ike reads the commissary ledgers and decides to repudiate his inheritance.Part 5: Ike returns to the woods for one final time before the timber company moves in.
What is modernist about Faulkner's style in THE BEAR?
Impressionistic
WE make the mistake
“When he realized he was lost, he did as Sam had coached and drilled him: made a cast to cross his backtrack. He had not been going very fast for the last two or three hours, and had gone even less fast since he left the compass and watch on the bush. So he went slower still now, since the tree could not be very far; in fact, he found it before he really expected to and turned and went to it. But there was no bush beneath it, no compass nor watch”
How is the bear more than a bear?
Bear is similar to the King of Troy
Past: When humans were one with nature
The bear seems to be a hold-out from the past. He represents a time when humans were part of nature, before they began to “hack at” nature with civilization. In fact, the bear seems to be symbolic of nature itself, of the wilderness, and all it represents to humans, and particularly to Americans. Nature is at first something wild to be hacked at and civilized, but then later (after we have destroyed it), nature or the wilderness is something we long for.
human characteristics
Mythicical
What does Ike have to do to enter the precinct of the Bear? He has to surrender not only his gun but also his compass and watch. Until he does this, “He was still tainted.” Nature is represented as a sacred precinct, almost like a religious shrine or inner sanctum that one may only enter after purifying oneself. Here, Ike has to put aside the tools of civilization to enter this sacred precinct.
“the leaving of the gun was not enough. He stood for a moment—a child, alien and lost in the green and soaring gloom of the markless wilderness. Then he relinquished completely to it. It was the watch and the compass. He was still tainted. He moved the linked chain of the one and the looped thong of the other from his overalls and hung them on a bush and leaned the stick beside them and entered it.”
INTELLIGENCE
He seems to have led Ike back to his things. He seems to be very intelligent, able to lead the lost boy back to the tree where he left his things. It is as if he is a magic bear, as if he is the god of this sacred precinct. If the bear is a god, then this is an epiphany, the appearance of a god to a mortal, like Athena’s coming down from Olympus in the Iliad.
Yearly peagant rite
Primitive religion and energy
Immortality
“[The Bear is] not even a mortal beast but an anachronism indomitable and invincible out of an old dead time, a phantom, epitome and apotheosis of the old wild life which the little puny humans swarmed and hacked at in a fury of abhorrence and fear like pygmies about the ankles of a drowsing elephant; -- the old bear, solitary, indomitable, and alone; widowered and childless and absolved of mortality—old Priam reft of his old wife and outlived all his sons.”
How is the Hunt more than a hunt?
They never intend to kill the bear. Killing it would mean owning nature, which is impossible
Annual ritual
The hunt is a yearly pageant rite: It’s religious. It’s like a religious ritual of a primitive people. Modernists are interested in the energies of so-called primitive religions. There’s an energy in traditional peoples that moderns want to tap into. Here, it’s as though the bear is a totem-animal of a tribe of hunter-gatherers.
Drinking to respect animals. A salute to the dead.
“Still a child, with three years then two years then one year yet before he too could make one of them, each November he would watch the wagon [. . .] depart for the Big Bottom, the big woods. To him, they were going not to hunt bear and deer but to keep yearly rendezvous with the bear which they did not even intend to kill…for two November weeks he would merely make another minor one, along with his cousin and Major de Spain and General Compson and Walter Ewell and Boon and the dogs which feared to bay it and the shotguns and rifles which failed even to bleed it, in the yearly pageant-rite of the old bear’s furious immorality.”
Whisky drinking is a ritual like communion
“There was always a bottle present, so that it would seem to him that those fine fierce instants of heart and brain and courage and wiliness and speed were concentrated and distilled in that brown liquor which not women, not boys and children, but only hunters drank, drinking not of the blood they spilled but some condensation of the wild immortal spirit, drinking it moderately, humbly even, not with the pagan’s base and baseless hope of acquiring thereby the virtues of cunning and strength and speed but in salute to them.”
Nature in THE BEAR
juxtaposed to men
Those who buy and sell are stupid. Land is untamable
Nature cannot be possessed. It is IN CHARGE
Nature equalizes race and humanity in general
Nature is BIG. EPIC. Eilderness is of MYTHIC proportion
Details in High Modernism
STYLE: Circularity, Repetition (ANAPHORA) repetition of initial phrase
Subjective: The reader of modernism must assemble clues in the text; modernism puts this burden on the reader.
“He was sixteen. For six years now he had been a man’s hunter. For six years now he had heard the best of all talking. It was of the wilderness, the big woods, bigger and older than any recorded document: -- of white man fatuous enough to believe he had bought any fragment of it, of Indian ruthless enough to pretend that any fragment of it had been his to convey; It [that is, the talk] was of the wilderness, the big woods . . . bigger than Major de Spain and the scrap he pretended to, knowing better; older than old Thomas Sutpen of whom Major de Spain had had it and who knew better; older even than old Ikkemotubbe, the Chickasaw chief, of whom old Sutpen had had it and who knew better in his turn. It [that is, the talking] was of the men, not white or black nor red but men, hunters, with the will and hardihood to endure and the humility and skill to survive, and the dogs and the bear and deer juxtaposed and reliefed against it, ordered and compelled by and within the wilderness in the ancient and unremitting contest according to the ancient and immitigable rules which voided all regrets and brooked no quarter…”
The wilderness” the agent of the action here. The wilderness is the one doing the ordering and the compelling of the “men . . . And the dogs and the bear and deer” that are “juxtaposed and relief against it”: The wilderness is in charge here. And notice the strange word “reliefed”: Faulkner has made an adjective out of a noun here: A “relief” is a sculpture in which the forms are raised from a flat surface. So the relation between the wilderness and the living beings here is like a work of art.
Paragraph 2: “He was sixteen”: Who is “he”? We don’t get his name until part 3 of the story (page 2155 – not for twenty pages is the boy named): Ike. Where are we? When is this taking place? When is this story taking place?
The influence of 20s and 30s thinkers
Influences on subjectivity in Modernism
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Psychoanalysis
Heisenberg Unvertainty Principle
presence of observer changes experiment
Einstein's theory of relativity
no absolute simultaneity
odd time structure (non-linear)
How does the literature of the 1920s differ from that of the 30's? How did the Depression affect literature?
Social Realism (1930's)
Real lives with economic struggles
Formal innovation (1920's)
How does the style of realism differ from modernism in fiction
No real character introduction
Creates questions
non-linear treatment of time
Stream of consciousness
Modern is confusing
What does Gabriel Realize? What is the nature of his epiphany?
And now Gabriel and Gretta go to the Hotel Gresham [and Gabriel is really looking forward to being alone with her, away from the children for one night. But while he is] fired by his living wife, Gretta is drained by the memory of her dead lover”
“The air of the room chilled his shoulders. He stretched himself cautiously along under the sheets and lay down beside his wife. One by one they were all becoming shades. Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with age. He thought of how she who lay beside him had locked in her heart for so many years that image of her lover’s eyes when he had told her that he did not wish to live.A few light taps upon the pane made him turn to the window. It had begun to snow again. He watched sleepily the flakes, silver and dark, falling obliquely against the lamplight. The time had come for him to set out on his journey westward. Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland. It was falling on every part of the dark central plain, on the treeless hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen and, farther westward, softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves.”
The cliché runs that journeys westward are towards death, but the west has taken on a special meaning in the story. Gretta Conroy’s west is the place where life had been lived simply and passionately. The context and meaning of the sentence suggests that Gabriel is on the edge of sleep, and half-consciously accepts what he has hitherto scorned, the possibility of a trip to Connaught. What the sentence affirms, at last, on the level of feeling, is the west, the primitive untutored, impulsive country from which Gabriel had felt himself alienated before; in the story, the west is paradoxically linked also with the past and the dead. Gabriel’s self-abandonment is not unlike Michael Fury’s, and through Gabriel’s mind runs the imagery of Calvary. He imagines the snow on the cemetery at Oughterard Gabriel “thinks of Michael Fury who, Gretta has said, died for her, and envies him his sacrifice for another kind of love than Christ’s. To some extent Gabriel is dying for her, in giving up what he has most valued in himself, all that holds him apart from the simple people at the party. Gabriel, who had been sick of his own country, finds himself drawn inevitably into a silent tribute to it . . . Ireland is shown to be stronger, more intense than he.”
John Huston's The Dead (1987)
What parallels do you find between the song The Lass of Aughrim and the story that Gretta tells Gabriel?
loneliness, left alone, INDIVIDUALISM
What can fiction do better than film?
Get into someone's mind
What is the Lass of Aughrim
“-- And why do you go to France and Belgium, said Miss Ivors, instead of visiting your own land? --Well, said Gabriel, it’s partly to keep in touch with the languages and partly for a change. -- And haven’t you your own language to keep in touch with—Irish? asked Miss Ivors. -- Well, said Gabriel, if it comes to that, you know, Irish is not my language.”
Is Irish Gabriel’s language? He’s an Irish Catholic, so Irish is the language of his ancestors, but after the British came to Ireland, the Irish gradually gave up their language for English. So Gabriel doesn’t know Irish. He likes learning European languages, but he doesn’t want to learn Irish. As the conversation continues, Miss Ivors pushes Gabriel to the point where he admits that he is sick of his own country. “Gabriel [is] made uneasy with this attitude, but he clings to it defiantly unto the ending.
Unknown to him, it is being challenged by the song, ‘The Lass of Aughrim.’ Aughrim is a little village in the west, not far from Galway. In a later scene, Gabriel watches his wife as she listens to this song.
The Lass of Aughrim (also known as Lord Gregory) If you be the lass of Aughrim As I am taking you mean to be Tell me the first token That passed between you and me. The rain falls on my yellow locks And the dew it wets my skin; My babe lies cold within my arms: Lord Gregory let me in. Oh Gregory, don’t you remember One night on the hill, When we swapped rings off each other’s hands, Sorely against my will? Mine was of the beaten gold, Yours was but black tin; A peasant woman with her baby in her arms comes to the castle of Lord Gregory, who has seduced and abandoned her. She stands in the rain with her baby and begs to be let in, but he (or his mother in some versions) leaves her and the baby outside to die.
What is Gabriel's attitude toward the West of Ireland?
hatred -- Wild Side
“--O, Mr. Conroy, will you come for an excursion to the Aran Isles this summer? We’re going to stay there a whole month. It will be splendid out in the Atlantic. . . . It would be splendid for Gretta too if she’d come. She’s from Connacht, isn’t she?-- Her people are, said Gabriel shortly.-- But you will come, won’t you? said Miss Ivors”
Gabriel “is a little ashamed of [his wife’s] having come from the west of Ireland. He cannot bear to think of his dead mother’s remark that Gretta was ‘country cute,’ and where Miss Ivors says of Gretta ‘She’s from Connacht, isn’t she?’ Gabriel answers shortly, ‘Her people are.’ He has rescued her from that bog. Miss Ivors’s suggestions . . . that he spend his holiday in the Aran Islands (in the west) upsets him; it is the element of his wife’s past that he wishes to forget. Gabriel’s attitude is that as you move east, people get more civilized, and as you move west, they get more wild, primitive.
Who is right in this interaction? Gabriel Conroy or Molly Ivors?
“-- I have a crow to pluck with you. -- With me? said Gabriel. She nodded her head gravely. -- What is it? asked Gabriel, smiling at her solemn manner. -- Who is G. C.? answered Miss Ivors, turning her eyes upon him. Gabriel colored and was about to knit his brows, as if he did not understand, when she said bluntly: --O, innocent Amy! I have found out that you write for The Daily Express. Now, aren’t you ashamed of yourself? --Why should I be ashamed of myself? asked Gabriel, blinking his eyes and trying to smile. --Well, I’m ashamed of you, said Miss Ivors frankly. To say you’d write for a rag like that. I didn’t know you were a West Briton. A look of perplexity appeared on Gabriel’s face. It was true that he wrote a literary column every Wednesday in The Daily Express, for which he was paid fifteen shillings. But that didn’t make him a West Briton surely. . . . He wanted to say that literature was above politics. But . . . He could not risk a grandiose phrase with her. He . . . murmured lamely that he saw nothing political in writing reviews of books.”
James Joyce here “attributes his own experiences to Gabriel . . . Joyce . . . wrote book reviews, just as Gabriel Conroy does, for the Daily Express. Since the Daily-Express was pro-English, [Joyce] had been teased for writing for it during his frequent visits to the house of David Sheehy, M.P.. One of the Sheehy daughters, Kathleen, may well have been the model for Miss Ivors, for she wore that austere bodice and sported the same patriotic pin”
Told from the point of view of Gabriel Conroy, and it takes place on an evening when he goes to a dinner and dance at the house of his two elderly aunts during the Christmas season. On this evening, Gabriel get three jolts from encounters with women that don’t go according to his expectations, first with the servant Lily, then with his colleague Molly Ivors, and finally with his wife Greta. Each of these encounters disturbs Gabriel, and the last one causes him to think – it brings him to an epiphany, of a realization about an important truth about life.
By subjectivity, I mean that fiction with modernism takes an inward turn. In “The Dead,” after an initial passage from the point of view of the servant-girl Lily, everything in the story comes to us from the point of view of one character: Gabriel Conroy. We are inside Gabriel’s head the whole time.
What Characterizes Modernism in Fiction?
Modernism captures the way that our minds move – the way that we only half focus on what goes on around us in the external world. At the same time that you are half focused on this lecture, your mind darts off in different directions – to memories, plans for the future, daydreams. Modernists render this flow into fiction.
Modernism in Fiction
Ulysses (1922)
The MYTHIC method
One day now is equivalent to one year in the past
Unification
disorder and indeterminancy
Stream of consciousness
Quintessential work of high modernism
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1914-1915)
Autobiographical Novel
Dubliners (1906-1907, completed; 1914, published)
The Dead (1914)
Modernism in Poetry
What Characterized Modernism in Poetry?
intellectual, allusive, distrubing, shocking, questioning, sharp edged imagery, density
What makes his poems modern? or Not?
Leda and the Swan (1923)
A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. How can those terrified vague fingers push The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? And how can body, laid in that white rush, But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? A shudder in the loins engenders there The broken wall, the burning roof and tower And Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up, So mastered by the brute blood of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power Before the indifferent beak could let her drop?
Italian Sonnet with english rhyme scheme
Symbol of LOVE
14 lines, an octave and a sestet, also called a Petrarchan sonnet, with some Shakespearean or English features.
Genesis of Trojan War (Zeus raping Leda)
Yeats also reduces the whole Iliad to 14 lines.
Old order is over, new movement is beginning
Yeats’s mediation on the rape of Leda by Zeus was in keeping with his sense of one order being over and a new order about to begin. He wrote “Leda and the Swan” in 1923. He felt a new movement about to initiate itself into the world, which he later identified as fascism, a movement he remarked, “from above, preceded by some violent annunciation.
Yeats’s use of this form to describe a rape is shocking. But he’s also describing an annunciation, a coming together of human and god through a bird.
Zeus, according to the Greeks, assumed the form of a swan and descended from Olympus in order to mate with the mortal woman Leda. One of the products of this union was Helen of Troy.
The Second Coming (1919)
Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert A shape with lion body and the head of a man A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun, Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
Intellectually Challenging
Modernist
distrubing
End of the cycle (Pegan, Christian, ...what's next?)
He sensed around him what he felt was the end of an objective and scientific age, which to him included Christianity, and the emergence of a new subjective and violent era. The new orders emerging, democracy and possibly communism were to his thinking anti-thetical to the world orders that had gone before. The poem “The Second Coming” takes the great Christian concept – that of the longed for second coming of Christ – and universalizes it into the coming of a new, mysterious – and possibly malevolent – Messiah
Gyres
Yeats believed in reincarnation
In January 1919, as the world attempted to settle again after the Great War and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Yeats was struck by the feeling that the underlying order of the world was shifting, irrevocably. He saw the human soul, along with history itself, as moving through an eternal cycle of incarnations or phases and seized upon the image of a spinning cone or gyre as an image best able to represent his thinking
The world was changing
FLUX
Yeats saw the great energies in the world being, as Heraclitus believed, in constant flux. These he represented by a pair of cones, the pointed ends touching to form an imaginary spindle. One cone represented centrifugal (or expanding) energy and its opposite centripetal (contracting energy). The cones spun in opposite directions and each in turn became the stronger or more dominant of the two as the other slowed down
Easter 1916 (1916)
I have met them at close of dayComing with vivid facesFrom counter or desk among greyEighteenth-century houses.I have passed with a nod of the headOr polite meaningless words,Or have lingered awhile and saidPolite meaningless words,And thought before I had doneOf a mocking tale or a gibeTo please a companionAround the fire at the club,Being certain that they and IBut lived where motley is worn:All changed, changed utterly:A terrible beauty is born.
Yeats is saying here that, before the Easter Uprising, he thought that these Irish Catholic guys were fools, wearing motley, the clothes of court jesters. And when he ran into them, he would use the experience to come up with a funny story that he could tell-his Anglo-Irish buddies about these Catholic clowns when he got to the club that night. Here, you see Yeats’s class-status showing and his Anglo-Irish (not Irish Catholic) orientation on Irish politics. But the Easter Uprising changes all this for him.
The Easter Uprising (1916)
Amidst WWI, Ireland Uprises
Execution of leaders made Yeats angry
While initially furious with the actions of the rebels, like many of his countrymen, he changed his mind as a result of the executions, which perhaps more than any other gesture would hurtle Ireland towards a full-scale guerilla war with Britain for independence. Among those executed was Maude Gonne’s drunken, former husband, John MacBride, “the drunken vainglorious lout,” who by his death more than his life, in Yeats’s eyes, now attains heroic status
When You Are Old (1891)
non-modern
Maude Gonne
In December of 1891 Yeats’s poems of imagined love would be substituted by poems of real emotional experience and longing when the twenty-two year old beautiful and independently wealthy English woman Maude Gonne called at the Yeats residence. . . .Yeats fell instantly, hopelessly, and irrevocably in love. . . . Though he laid instant and passionate siege to her, she rejected his efforts continually, and though she did, he loved her, for the rest of his life. In August of 1891, Yeats proposed marriage to her for the first time. Of course, she flatly rejected him, and hurt him deeply, as is reflected in one of his most memorable love poems.
Love of Yeats who rejected him
Chronology
1923
Yeats awarded the Noble prize for literature
1922-1923
Irish Civil War
1919-1921
Irish War for Independence from England
1916
the Easter Uprising:
Irish Republicans rebel against English Domination
a small force of rebels staged an uprising in Dublin. The rebellion lasted no more than a week, but there was considerable loss of life and massive damage to property, the center of the city being virtually destroyed. The British responded by trying and sentencing to death fifteen of the leaders. Yeats was in London during the action.
Yeats was born at Sandymount, Dublin, Ireland on the 13th of June, 1865
Yeats wanted Irish Independence from England, but he was descended from the English people who had colonized Ireland
1691
The Battle of Aughrim
English domination over Ireland sealed by victory
1690
The Battle of the Boyne (river)
Protestants defeat Catholic forces in Ireland
Monk
Fusion
free jazz
MODAL JAZZ
Result of whites taking over swing music.
ALL BLACK MOVEMENT
Music by musicians for musicians
MODERNISM IN JAZZ
An artistic revolution in reaction to Swing's cleched commercialism
Big Bands, Sophisticated Arrangements, Conductor is important
Benny Goodman, the King of Swing
Classically Trained
World War II, America's Popular Music
Dancing
THANKS TO PROHIBITION
Teens fueled this music
Ella Fitzgerald
SCAT
Billie Holliday
New Orleans to Chicago to New York
New York
Cotton Club, Savoy Ballroom, Apollo Theater
The Harlem Renaissance
Center of Black Intellectualism
guitar replaces banjo
Chicago
Black and Tan Clubs, The South Side
string bass replaces tuba
sax emerges
increasing number of soloists
Joe King Oliver and his creole jazz band
Dippermouth Blues
Dixieland Jazz
Two-beat rhythm
Strong Downbeats
Polyphonic
Louis Armstrong
West-end Blues
W.C. Handy "Father of the Blues" (form)
The blues is a feeling
Basic 12-bar form
4 chords
The Crossroads and Robert Johnson
Mournful and whaling
The DNA of Jazz
Improvised with musicians playing around a melody/idea
African Drumming
Scott Joplin and Ragtime
POLYPHONY
Right hand = syncopation
Left hand = march
Field Hollers, Work Songs, The Blues
Penatonic, minor scale
Call and response
Minimal material repeated maximally
REACTION TO MODERNISM
Steve Reich
Process
It's gonna Rain
Clapping Music
Philip Glass
Glasspiece No. 1
Mad Rush
Time slows down! and Speeds up!
Gavom Bryars
"Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet"
Like DADA ART
TOTALLY Changes the context
Pre-recorded, processed, enriching musical and textual implications
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007)
Helicopter Quartet
The Sound imitates the technology of the day
About the terrifying precision of the Nazi German army
Klavierstuck IX (1961)
The form is based on Fibonaci proportions and the Golden Mean
Conlon Nancarrow
Studies for Player Piano
Henry Cowell
The Banshee
John Cage (1912-1992)
A Graphic Score
4'33" (1952)
The Composer as a Specialist
The composer should isolate himself from society
Music for MUSICIANS
RCA Mark II Synthesizer
REFLECTIONS for piano and synthesized sounds
Edgard Varese: Musique Concrete (reel to reel)
Anyon Webern: ORchestral Piece, Op. 10
Igor Stravinsky
Subtopic
Charles Ives: The Rockstrewn Hills Joun the People's Outdoor Meeting
Claude Debussy: Nuages
New music reflects the schizophrenia of our existence and the breakdown of linear time.
20th Century: More exploration
Old music: Linear Music
Proposition: WE USE MUSIC TO EXPLORE NEW WAYS OF EXPERIENCING TIME
How does music structure time? and vice versa?
How does some music suggest timelessness while other music is closed and bounded?
How do the concepts of past present and future apply to music?
How have changing attitudes toward time throughout history been reflected in music?
NOT ANTI MODERN
composers pick and choose from modernist and many other styles in order to achieve their expressive ends
Sound before interpretation
an act, the outcome of which is unknown
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
Lacks gravitational center like abstract art
Night from Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21
Tewlve Tone System
SERIALISM
Transfigured Night (1899)
Expressionism
Shadow of Freud
Subconscious looms over music
Extreme Emotion
The Scream, Edvard Munch, 1893
Piano Piece Op. 11, no. 1
Praeludium, Suite Op. 25 (1925)
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1918)
Polytonality
Petroushka (1911)
The Sacrifice
Repetition
Loud volume
Intense with clashing and shock
Dance of the Earth
Building Intensity and clashescontrast with abrupt scilence
The Rite of Spring
Combined major chords and playing percussively
The Primacy of Rhythm
Seen later in Jazz and Rock
OFFSET STRONG BEATS for SHOCK factor
Traditional Melody reconstructed and deconstructed
Dissonance=Growing Nature (Vines, Trees, etc)
Russia: Melting of Snow (VIOLENT)
Primitivism
MUSIC CAUSED A RIOT!
Piece is about a pegan culture sacrificing a young virgin
To look Forward
Henri Rousseau
Paul Gaugin
Music = Drug
Music is the Opiate of the Masses
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Nuages ("Clouds") (1899)
From Nocturnes (1899)
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (1894)
Feeling
pleasure and color
Paints a picture
Whole Tone Scale
No center of Gravity
Reflections in the Water (1905)
NO THEORY! Pleasure is law
The Other Arts:
Impressionistic Painting
Color, Feeling, Shapes
Art of Fleeting Experience
Symbolist poetry
The Twelve Tone System of Schoenberg
Return to Modes
Quartal and secundal harmony, poly-tonality
Synthetic Scales
Quarter Tone
Octatonic
Whole Tone
Penatonic
There are new musical grammars...whole new languages!
Confusing:
So how do we come to terms with so many sounds and styles?
The Most striking aspect of art music is in the 20th century is its stylistic diversity
Abstract MUSIC::Abstract Art
Enormous Complexity
ATONALITY
Creators must look straight ahead
The new languages for art were unquestionably and unapologetically difficuly. To this day, few people understand Finnegans Wake. Avant Garde art became detached from music's ordinary public and hence abstracted from a base in society
Basic assumptions in art, music, and literature are overturned
All art from the past must be destroyed
Uncertainty in the 20th Century
Evolution and Religion CLASH
Freud: the Unconscious Mind
Quantum Physics
Theory of Relativity
The Great War
Pogress in the 20th Century
Confidence in Progress
Technology and Science
The Nation-State
Constructed and Deconstructed Identities
Kara Walker
Installation, 1995
Betye Saar
Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972
she wanted to transform a negative, demeaning figure into a positive, empowered woman
Gay Identity and the AIDS epidemic
Felix Gonzalez-Torres
died of aids in 1996 at age 39.
This refusal to make a static form, a monolithic sculpture, in favor of a disappearing, changing, unstable, and fragile form was an attempt on my part to rehearse my fears of having Ross disappear day by day right in front of my eyes.
Untitled (Perfect Lovers) 1991
The scariest thing I have ever done. I wanted to face it. I wanted those two clocks right in front of me. ticking.
Untitled (Placebo), 1992
My work is all my personal history. I can't separate my art from my life
Commodity Art
Damien Hirst
For the Love of God, 2007
Jeff Koons
It's about celebration and childbood and color and simplicity, but its also a Trojan horse. Its a trojan horse to the whole body of artwork.
Puppy, 1992
Baloon Dog, 1994-2000
Michael Jackson and Bubbles, 1988
New Twist on Readymade
Questions of Originality
Cindy Sherman
I didnt want to make high art, I had no interest in using paint, I wanted to find something that anyone could relate to without knowing about contemporary art. I wasnt thinking in terms of precious prints or archival quality; I didn't want the work to seem like a commodity
Untitled (After Raphael, 1989
Untitled Film Stills Series, 1977-78
Yasumasa Morimura
juxtapose two subjects to create reaction
Making fun of art
Daughter of Art History, 1990
Portrait (Van Gogh), 1985
Photography
Pop Art
Photocollage
Barbara Kruger
I think I developed language skills to deal with threat. Its the girl thing to do, you know, instead of pulling out a gun
Installation, 1991
Untitled (Your Gaze hits the side of my face), 1981
Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground), 1989
Video
Bruce Nauman
Walking in an exaggerated manner around perimeter of a square, 1968, 16mm black and white silent film
Pinch Neck, 1968
16mm color film with sound
Vito Acconci
Following Piece, 1969
Anthropology
Bizzare
selected a person and followed them until he or she disappeared into a private place where he could not enter
Performance
Joseph Beuys
I like America and America Likes Me, 1974
I wanted to isolate myself, insulate myself, see nothing of America other than the coyote
Spent days in a room with a coyote. After flying to new york, he was swathed in felt and loaded into an ambulance, then driven to the gallery where the "action" took place without having touched American soil
possibly an anticolonial statement?
Feminism and the Body
The Advent of Installation
Lynca Benglis
Female Emotion
Poured Latex, Polyurethane and lead sculputures
Quartered Meteor, 1969
Contraband, 1969
Judy Chicago
Dinner Party, 1973-9
Critical Response:
Outrageous libel on the female imagination
Awesome. one of the most ambitious works of art made in the post war period, which succeeds as few others have
I started thinking that women have never had a last supper but they have had dinner parties. Lots and lots of dinner parties where they facilitated conversation and nourished people
When I created this painting, its pulsing form scared me. I had never seen an image from the female point of view that was both strong and sexual
Female Rejection, 1974
Georges Sand, 1973
Getting out of the Gallery
Industrial Sculpture
Gordon Matta Clark
Splitting: Four Corners, 1974
video, photos, installation of readymades play
Questioned Role of architecture
demolished afterward
TEMPORAL
a team of artists saw a derelict suburban home in two and tilt the house
Site Specifity
Christo & Jeanne Claude
Running Fence, 1972-76
Examples in other parts of world
Berlin governmental building
POLITICAL statement?
18' high
24 Miles of white Nylon Pannels
60 Skilled Workers and 350 Students
Raised 3.2 Million
Earth Art
Robert Smithson
Spiral Jetty, 1970
70's: Freedom
art that cannot be made commercial
are they hypocritical?
looks like a growing, living thing coming out of the lake
PHYSICAL experience
Spiral is a symbol of entropy
1500 spiral of black basalt rocks in Great Salt Lake
Reevaluating the Medium of Painting
Abstraction
REJECTION of photorealism
Station, 1985
Photorealism
Goal: Evoke a sense of indifference/impersonal.
Richard Estes
Telephone Booths, 1967
Supreme Hardware Store, 1970's
Chuck Close
I wanted to translate from one flat surface to another. In fact, my learning disabilities controlled a lot of things. I don't recognize faces, so I'm sure it's what drove me to portraits in the first place.
Roy, 1994
Self Portrait, 1969
The antithesis of painting
photography has influenced the way we see
Gerhard Richter
Reading, 1994
Betty, 1991
BADED ON GENRE OF ART, NOT SUBJECT
The Kuleshov Effect
juxtapose to create effects
The implication is that viewers brought their own emotional reactions to this sequence of images, and then moreover attributed those reactions to the actor, investing his impassive face with their own feelings.
Editing to create meaning
The UNTOUCHABLES
Baby carriage train station clip
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Battleship Potemkin (1925)
Citizen Kane (1941)
capitalist montage
Baraka (1992)
globalization montage
the process or technique of selecting, editing, and piecing together separate sections of film to form a continuous whole.
Does violence in movies numb us to violence in real life?
Taking movies away is socially catastrophic
Does the filmmaker have negative effects on culture or those whom he films?
exploitation of subject?
The z-axis
diagonalize for more action
Film Asthetics: Theme is our relationship to physical reality
Music
Shapes emotional response
Mise en Scène
Camera Angles
Speed of Image
Whats on film?
What is not?
the arrangement of scenery and stage properties
Makes you think
COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE
Rival appeals of reality and fantasy
film becomes the Dream Factory
Early films depicted reality or fantasy to promote enjoyment
A Slice of Life
Peep Show
Action painting, Gesture painting, Abstract Expressionism
Pop
Reproduction
Reproducibility
Consummerism
Symbol of Society
Neo Dada
Frida Kahlo, Two Fridas, 1939
I am ALONE
INDIVIDUALISM
Kahlo: I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.
an indeed feminine art, that is to say at the same time the most pure and the most pernicious: a ribbon tied around a bomb.
Breton: The promises of fantasy are filled with great splendor by reality itself
Salvador Dali
The Persistence of Memory, 1931
SURREALISM
Time hangs heavy
hand colored photographs of the subconscious
Alberto Giacometti
Hands Holding the Void (Invisible Object), 1934
Surrealist Found Object
Breton
Poem=object, 1937
Andre Masson
Automatic Drawing, 1924
Abdre Breton, Man Ray, Max Morise and Yves Tanguy
Exquisite Corpse, 1928
Metaphysical Painting
Giorgio De Chirico
TheSong of Love, 1914
The Enigma of a Day, 1914
Dadaism
Hannah Hoch
Cut with the Kitchen Knife
Raoul Hausmann
ABCD: Portrait of the Artist, 1923-4
Appropriation
LHOOQ, 1919
Dirty Joke
Rrose Selavy, 1919
Sex.
Readymade
Marcel Duchamp
Fountain, 1917
Artist was trying to fly in the face of commonly held belief
Piet Mondrian
Broadway Boogie-Wogie, 1942-43
Dynamic Equillibrium
Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1921
Neoplasticism
De Stijl (Dutch for "The style")
Composition 10 in Black and White, 1915
Wassuky Kandinsky
ABSTRACTION
WWI
Disolusion of Artists: Thw world had reverted from its progress
Freud's unconscious mind
Different, unrecognizable subject
Playing with Perception
Composition IV, 1911
BREAK AWAY
Improvisation 28, 1912
Largely unconscious, spontaneous expressions of inner character, non-material in nature
Cubism
Pablo Picasso
Guernica, 1937
Little color
Somber Mood/ Reflective Emotions amidst the horrors
Loss, pain, agony in real scene
There is little hope in Reality
Not Beautiful, but HORRIFYING
Commemoration of the Nazi bombing of Guernica Spain
Franco allowed Hitler to test his bombs
Symbolism Rich
Horse
Beast of Burden
Everyday Worker
Communism
Lantern
Wisdom
Death
Relates to the reality of the situation
Light
Technology
Left
Senistre in Latin
The Fashists are on the left and the dying are dispersed throughout
Bull
Fashism and Spanish Tradition
Political Mural
25 ft. Long
Quasi-Cubism
Maquette for Guitar, 1912
Art is a lie that tells the truth
Collagee and Assemblage
Guitar, Sheet Music and Glass, 1912
Art is cutting and pasting
Cubist Assemblage
Still Life with Chair Caning, 1912
Fools the Eye
Makes Space Subjective
Playing with Deapth Perception
The Family of Saltimbanques, 1905
The Old Guitarist, 1903
Politics and Poverty
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
African Influence
the Influence of African Scpture on Cubism
Young Maidens/Prostitutes
A Brothel
There is no such thing as abstract art, you must start with something
drinking turpentine and spitting fire
a field of broken glass
Angles, lines, planes, geometry
Portrait of Kahnweiler, 1910
Analytic Cubism
Take traditional genres and alter the forms
Painting is collapsing onto the 2D plane
Dull Colors
Focus on Structure
Gertrude Stein, 1906-7
Concern with multiple views
RELATIVITY
Non-Eucldean Geometry
Volumetric Compression
Attempt to compress 3D to 2D using lines and angles
Back TOWERS over FRONT
Tactile Use of Space
Fauvism
Henri Matisse
Joy of Life, 1905-6
Utopian Painting
Embrace the artificial nature of painting
Nudes are flat
Color is free from responsibility
Mme. MAtisse (Green Stripe), 1905
Fauves=Wild Beasts
use of color in a new manner
What I am after, above all, is expression. Expression, to my way of thinking, does not consist of the passion mirrored upon a human face or betrayed by a violent gesture. Thw whole arrangement of my picture is expressive.
Post Impressionism
Paul Cezanne
Boy in a Red Vest, 1888-90
Still Life with Plaster Cupid, c. 1895
collapsed space
2D canvas expresses 2D art.
Mont Ste. Victoire, 1904
Formalism
Analytical painting
Fading distance
Cool Palette
Distant Neoclassical influence
see in nature the cylinder, the sphere, the cone
Vincent Van Gogh
Self-Portrait, 1880s
inner sensation: color=life!
Starry Night, 1889
Colors = Emotions
Uninterested in naturalism/realism
Romantic Sensibility
Instead of trying to reproduce what I have before my eyes, Ise color more arbitrarily so as to express myself forcibly
The Modern Breaks down those forms
Purpose: Escape previous Standards
Focus on Feeling, Not Subject
Bold Brush Strokes
Make it clear that its a painting
QUESTIONING DIMENSIONALITY
Modern Art makes 2D space apparent and doesn't lie to the viewer.
Color
Formalistic: Roots in Neoclassicism
Lines, Geometry, Angles
Logical/Analytical
Expressionistic: Roots in Romanticism
Colors and use of canvas
Subject could be uninteresting
Manet, Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1880-81
ORIGIN of MODERN ART
USAGE OF LIGHT
COLOR
Edouard Manet, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1873, cf. Monet
Industralization
Confusion of Identity
how modern society takes away the individual's identity
Alienation with impressionist action (ephemeral)
Loneliness
Everyday Life
Passing Moments
Away from IDEALIZATION
dissolution of subject into reality
TOWARD REALISM
Individual subjectivity in modern industrial life
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SUBJECTIVITY?
The eye is imperfect!
Focus on our inability to see clearly
"TRIP-YOU-UP"
PARADOX
HUMOR
