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German Plot
English accuse leades of sinn Féin of starting a plot with Germany
This turnded people against britain and vote for Sinn Féin.
They start arresting the leaders of Sinn Féin.
Women were allowed to vote.
Devalara and Collins joined Sinn Féin.
Griffith later stepped down and Develara became president.
Arthur Giffith was the man who founded Sinn Féin.
Sinn Féin 1st wanted home rule by peacful means but this soon changed.
Everyone thought Sinn Féin was responsible for the rising
Martial law and Curfew was too long and turned people against british.
90 of those people were sentenced to death
15 that sighned proculamation.
Sent to a prison called Frongoch in Wales.
It was a former prisoner of war camp.
1,800 people sent to prison in England.
Put in prison without trial..
He arrests a lot of innocent people
This turns public opinion.
Ordered the arrest of more than 3,400 men and 79 women.
These were suspected to be involved in the rising.
Succesful for Irish.
Instead they started lobbing shels over to the GPO.
A British gunboat which could not go under the bridge.
He was the one Pierse had to surrender to.
In charge of troops in Dublin
Trinity collegee was barriciated.
They failed to take Dublin castle.
They never took over railway stations
7- Boland's mill.
6- College of surgeons.
5- Jacobs Factory
4-South Dublin Union.
3-Mendicity Institutiom
2-Four Courts
1-GPO
Less than 5,000 men in the rising.
Mac Donagh wrote a letter saying it was going ahead anyway.
Because...
10,000 men were lost for the rising.
The castle document
The Aud didnt deliver the guns.
It was then purposely sank and the German captain was imprisoned.
It was too risky to stay.
Supposed to land in Fenit.
20,000 rifles.
Roger Casement
Hanged in England
He got guns off germany
Orginised the Aud.
Worked as a diplimat.
Born in Dublin
Arms never reached the Volenteers
The people involved were Padraig Pearse, Eamonn Ceannt, Joseph Plunkett and Séan mac Diarmada.
They planned the 1916 rising.
Its main task was to plan and carry out the rebellion.
A group within the IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood.)
Their was a high rate of diseases.
Tuberculosis (TB) It spread through tenants very quickly.
Infant mortality rate was very low.
Died after 1st year.
1/3 of dublins population lived in slums.
James Connelly formed Irish Citizens Army (ICA).
workers were brought in to work from England.
These were called BlackLeg Labourers.
William Murphy got angry and said anyone who was part of a union could not work.
20,000 workers went on strike.
ITGWU-Irish Transport and General Workers Union
James Larkin was leaader
War crime trials
Refugees
Destruction
Economic revival
Death
United nations
Toward european unity
End of european supermacy
Growth of superpowers
Fate of Japan
Fate of Germany
War of the Pacific
Atomic Bombs
Hiroshima
Nagisaki
Okiwawa
Iwojima
Leyte Gulf
Guada canal
Battle of Mid-way
Battle of Coral sea
Pearl Harbour
Dresden 1945
Battle of the bulge
The Battle of the Atlantic (The war at sea)
The alllies defeated the U-Boat threat by:
Use of ultra, code-breaking operation, which provided information to direct convoys away from the paths of wolfpacks.
Use of air reconnaissance, radar, sonar and depth charges.
Increased shipbuilding
Germany used submarines (U boats) to sink aillied shipping. Fleets of U boats called wolfpacks left the french and norwegian coasts and raided the allied conveys crossing the sea.
In the words of american president Roosevelt America became the "Arsenal of democracy".
America supplied Britain with supplies of food, military goods and industrial products to britain.
D-Day Landings
Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno and Sword were the beaches
They invaded on 5 beaches.
They dropped Para-troopers
Eisenhower was the commander
America joined the war
Soon after hittler declared war on america.
Japan attacked pearl harbour
Battle of Kurst
Germans loose
Largest tank battle in the war
Operation Citadel
Battle of Stalingrad (Major turning point in Operation Barborossa)
The german army suffered greatly due to the russians attacking them in a pincer movement from both sides.
Stalin insisted the city must not be lost.
The german army led by Von Paulus fought vicious street battles.
Their advance was stop due to the battle.
Hittlers armies advanced toward stalingrad, this was a key place for hittler as it had the oil fields of caucasus.
Operation Barbarossa (Invasion of Soveit Russia)
The soveit army soon began to retreat.
He targeted these attacks towards large soveit cities such as Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev.
He used blitzkrieg tactics in a three- pronged attack
The attack on russia was called operation barbarossa.
Hittler wanted to create lebensraum in eastern europe for the third reich.
Soveit russia was hittlers biggest enemy
The Great Patriotic War
The russians counter attacked in December.
The germans captured kiev but failed to capture the other two cities.
Hittlers early progress was paused due to russian winter
The low temperatures reached up to -40 degrees.
The rainy season made it very hard for the germans to fight back.
Many soldiers froze to death.
Lorrries tanks and aeroplains seized up and tough weather conditions made it hard for soldiers to fight.
As the russians reatreated they used a scorched earth policy.
Such as food and crops.
This meaned they burned many things around them as they retreated.
He also prepared for the war by moving heavy industry east of the ural mountains.
They produced T-34 and Katyusha rocket launchers.
Stalin Called Russians to fight the great patriotic war against germany.
The desert war in north africa.
Battle of El Alamein
This was one major turning point in the war.
Battle of El Alamien the british army led by montgomery defeated rommel.
Hittler wanted tocapture the suaz canal.
Hittler sent Erwin Rommel and his troops to help the italians.
However mussolinios army based in libya was defeated by the british troops based in eygpt.
Mussolini's italian army joined the war by invading southern france in effort to help the germans
America helped britain under the leadership of President Roosevelt.
Britain survived the battle of britain and the blitz.
some people evacuted to the countryside.
Cities such as london, coventry, liverpool and glasgow were attacked regularly during the night.
German planes continued to bomb british cities during the blitz.
this was hittlers first defeat.
Hittler then posponed ivasion of britain as he realized they were loosing
British used radar to detect on coming german planes.
British spitfires and hurricanes matched the german messershmitts and heinkels.
Next they switched their attack to airfields and radar stations.Germans attacked britain daily.
Luftwaffe attacked shipping in the english channel
He started the battle of britain between the british royal airforce and the german Luftwaffe.
Hittler prepared invasion of britain called operation sealion.
Chruchill replaced chamberlain as prime minister
France was divided into vichy france and and German teritory.
Hittler got in by making a diversion at the top of Belguim then went through the bottom of belguim.
He defeated many troops and pushed them back to Dunkirk
Hittler also used Blitzkrieg tactics in France.
Paratroopers were also droped
These were troops who jumped out of a plane with parachutes.
Germans landed on ports along Norway and Denmark.
Hittler invaded here to ensure the German iron ore supply.
April 1940
Invasion of Denmark and Norway
Nothing happens until may.
Fast atacks to cause shock.
Lightning war
Hittler used this as an excuse and invaded poland.
The German SS dressed in polish army uniforms and attacked a german radio station
5- Phoney war
4- Poland
3-1938- the sudetenland
2- March- Austria- Anschluss (unity.)
1- 1936- march the rhineland
The Munich Conference 1938
6 Months later hittler took the rest of Czechslovakia.
They agreed that Czech must hand over Sudenland to Germany.
The Czech government was excluded.
Leaders from a couple of countries met with hittler.
Hittler wanted to claim back the german speaking area of Czechslovakia (The Sudenland).
The Gerrmans did not like the terms of the treaty.
Japanese Aggresion
this brought america into world war 2
Japan Bombed pearl harbour
America imposed economic sanctions
This brought japan into conflict with america.
LEague of nations also failed to stop japan.
Japan expanded into china.
American Isolation
America were by themselves as they were not in the league of nations.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
This ment stallion could prepare for a future war
they also agreed to split Poland
They agreed toa 10 year non- agression pact
Nazis and communists were bitter enimies
Policy of Appeasment
Hittler began to demand more.
However hittler saw this as their weakness.
Britain and france believed if they gave into hittlers demands it would prevent war.
Weakness of the league of Nations
The eleague had many weaknesses
Had to rely on economic sanctions
No army
Decision had to be unanimous so it was difficult to make decisions.
America did not join
The league wanted to achieve peace
Hittlers Actions
He united Germany and Austria in 1938.
He sent an army into Rhineland
He began to re- enforce the a army this broke the treaty of versailles.
Hittlers Aims
Lebensraum- living space for extra Germans
Abolition of treaty of Versailles
To expand and form a Greater Germany
the four agreements helped improve these relations.
Good Friday agreement.
Downing street declaration
Sunningdale agreement
change in government policy in 1970s
Huge tension inbetween north and south.
dependance on state welfare bonuses (Dole).
Significant rise in unemployment.
Greater poverty in northern ireland compared to the rest of britain.
High unemployment among youth.
Belfast city centre loosing business
Foreign firms did not want to set up factories
Businesses wrecked by bombing.
Irish government have greater say in irish affairs.
Unionists forced to share power with nationalists.
Bridges and border crossings destroyed.
Destruction in belfast and other major towns.
16,000 bombings.
Most Deaths in Belfast.
Over 3.5k people died.
Voilence Continues it was partcially sucessful.
They agreed on Sharing power, PSNI (Police service of northern ireland.) replace RUC, will be united ireland if it is voted, Paramilitaries must give up their weapons.
John Hume (SDLP) and David Trimble (Ulster Unionist)
It happened in 1993
Allowed the people of NI and Ireland to determine their own future and solve problems by mutual consent. (Vote)
They would consult at an Inter-governmental conference.
they agreed that the north and south would agree on security matters.
PM Margret Thatcher and Taoiseach Garret Fitzgerald.
Opposition to agreement- Ian Paisley and the unionists are not happy and shut northern ireland down.
Unionists party (Faulkner) and SDLP (Gerry Fitt) formed a government.
Agreement had a cross- border council of ireland.
Proposed governmet sharing for northern ireland.
11 People were killed.
IRA set off 20 bombs
Forensic evidence also showed that none of them fired a gun that day.
13 People were killed, none of whom were susequently found been armed.
He said to employers that they would be a disgrace to northern ireland if they employed catholics.
Born into a weaalthy protestant family
Ira from south began to attack british army barracks this is known as Border campaign.
Fergal o'hanlon and sean south killed.
Poverty increased due to due to the aforemention
Discrimination against catholics continued
The world economy declined and unemployment increased.
Its first leader was Gerry Fitt.
It brought together different nationalist groups and became the largest nationalist party.
Social Democratic and Labour Party.
The british government sent in troopes to protect the people of bogside.
Major voilence was sparked off by the protestant apprentice boys marching in derry.
This was known as the battle of the bogside.
This march led to a clash with the catholics/nationalists of the bogside in derry.
Voilence increased from 1969 onwaards.
Irish government believed the particions was the cause of these troubles.
The RUC and loyalist paramiliteries began to attack catholic ghettos.
However in the late 60s tension grow
Relations between north and south improved during 1960s
A civil rights march in Derry was stopped by the RUC
1971- Interment introsuced.
1970- july- falls road curfew.
August 1969
16th- British Embassy attacked in Dublin
15th- Burning of bombay street.
14th- deployment of british troops
12th- Battle of Bogside
Belfast- Peoples democracy March or the derry march, 1st January, 1969- Burntollet bridge.
5th October 1968- Duke street protest- start of troubles.
June 1968- Caledon Protest
1867- NICRA Founded.
Conn and Patricia McCluskey founded the Homeless citizens league.
They could be put in jail without trial.
Putting people in jail on suspicion of being part of the IRA.
Catholics and nationalists in the north set up (NICRA) Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.
Its leaders were- Gerry Fitt, John Hume, Austin Currie and Bernadette Devlin.
NICRA's demands
"End to discrimination in housing and jobs"
"End to gerrymandering"
"One man one vote"
Gerrymandering was when the unionists rigged the votes so the Catholics elected unionists in local elections.
Consituencies were divided so protestants got more votes every time.
A new better generation of catholics which would not put up with discrimination.
Free secondary education which benefited catholics.
A free health service increased.
Old age pensions and social welfare benefits increased.
Voting rights
housing
employment
education system
Divided loyalties
Segregation is when the nationalist and unionist communities did not mix.
Sectarianism is to dislike someone because of their religion.
Internment is people could be arrested if they were suspected of republican activities and their house could be searched without a warrant.
The special powers act was passed in 1921.
this gave power to secuirty forces.
the northern ireland governenment formed an armed police force called the royal ulster constabulary. (RUC)
Unionists set up their own parliment at stormont
Opened by king Henry
Ireland is partitioned
The crank
A large handle which people had to turn.
The treadwheel
Some prisons it made flour.
Like walking on a treadmill.
to stop people from getting up to mischieve.
teach them value of hard work
cheap labour
Seperate system
By themselves in their own cell
Silent system
they were not alowed to talk to anyone. You did your hard labour in silence.
Hard labour
they had to carry out work such as on a quarry or on roads.
Seperated by gender
They weren't chained up
They were transported to australia to do free labour for there punishment (For 7 years).
Ex, sheep stealing you would be hanged.
people wanted more punishments
People wanted more policing
more oppertunities to commit crimes
People unknown to each other
Advertising created expectations
People wanted tvs household appliances and cars
Greater gap betwween rich and poor.
Conflict between different groups in society.
Beauty of Labour
To improve working conditions such as better lighting and canteen food.
Strength through Joy
An orginisation to orginise leisure activities for the workers.
Most prodestants did not agree with it.
"For the promotion of german blood and honour".
He used the governments power to prossucate them.
Nazis also provided maternity benefits to increase birth rates.
Family allowences and medals for mothers with big families.
they made mariage loans.
the future wife must also give up her job
Law for reduction of unemployment 1933
the wife must have spent at least 6 months in employment.
Germans who got married recieved a loan of up to 1,000 reichmarks.
Led by Himmler
He wanteed SA to become official army
The 1st camp was set up in Dachau.
The camps were established soon after hittler came to power.
A work camp
The Gestapo could arrest prisoners without trial.
SS and Gestapo
Gestapo were secret police.
SS Private Army
Rule by decree
Banned all other political powers
Due to enabling act Hittler became dictator..
Enabling Act
Parliament bulidings set on fire
Dutch Communist arrested for burning riechstag
4,000 communists were arrested
Living space for germans
Master race was Germany
Slaves and jews were subhuman.
he tries to make a living space for Germans.
Dictatorship
You were allowed privaterly owned companies
Private owned companies were not allowed, the wealth would be shared among the people (State controlled)
Secret police
Black shirts
Himmler was leader
SA (Brown shirts)
Ernst Rohm was incharge of the SA's
Set up by nazis
Known as 'storm troopers'.
Hittlers body guards
They were forbidden to join the league of nations or unite with Austria.
Germany lost a lot of territary to England and France
they were only allowed 100,000 in their army.
They had to pay £6,600 million in compensation
Germany accept blame for war
Economic crisis.
Leader of Nazi party
Chief of the Luttwaffe (German airforce)
Head of SS
Responsible for probeganda
Faced execution if you were found with weapons.
Passes a law Called the Public Safety Bill
Free state had 60,000 people now, they took over Cork City.
Republicians went south of a line from Limerick to Waterford.
This caused civil War.
British gave Collins a choice, sort out the four courts, or Britain will put forces back into Ireland.
De Valera walks out and resigns.
7 votes change the result
Oath of allegiance.
Stepping stone to full independance.
Irish wouldnt beat britain
Better than home rule
De Valera refused to accept treaty
De Valera Got the ports back just before WW2.
Governer Genral could overule any law from Dáil
British navy controlled 3 ports.
Lough Swillly County Donegal.
Berehaven in West Cork.
Cobh Spike Island
Boundry Commision
To set up boundry inbetween Irish Free state and britain.
The TDs would have to swear an OATH OF ALLEGIANCE.
Still part of British Empire.
We were allowed to have our own flag, army, stamps, passports and currency and all foreign change.
Dominion to British Commonwealth.
26 counties were called irish free state.
Lloyd george put Irish Delegation under huge Pressure and threatened immiatiade and terrible war.
Lloyd George, Austen Chamberlain, Lord Birkenhead and Wintson Churchill.
The delagation were told then they could not actually sign anything.
Plenipotentiaries
They could sign on behalf of Dáil.
Collins and Griffith went.
Militants like Brugha and Stack refused to go.
De Valera said he would not go.
Delegates had to return to him so they did not sign under pressure.
He could control militants at home.
They knew they were not going to get a united Ireland.
De Valera and Lloyd george still wrote letters
There was no Agreement.
De Valera wanted Full Indepenndance
Dominion status -King would be in charge.
De Valera knew they were not getting a united Ireland
Lloyd George made it clear they were Offering Dominion Status.
There was meeting inbetween De Valera and Lloyd George
The group of negeotiators were De Valera, Arthur Griffith, Austin Stack and Erskine Childers.
Irish negoetiations started in london on 12th july 1921.
Irish Side
IRA ran out of bullets.
Economic collapse
They had no money.
Martial law was making it hard for civilians.
British were gaining upper hand in some places.
British Side
King George V was being emmbaresed.
England were poor after WW1
It would be a huge political cost
Other countries were getting angry.
They would need a lot more troops.
It would be huge financial cost
Many catholics lost jobs.
Many chatholics killed
Sectarian riots.
Special powers act
RUC- Royal Ulster Constabulary was set up.
Catholics were put in jail with out trial
This is called interment.
Unionists oppose United Ireland
It caused embarresment.
The people wanted peace
IRA running short on ammunition
Over 80 IRA men were captured.
IRA started burning it.
De Valera Decides to attack customs house.
Collins was against it.
1,300 troops encircled the IRA
But the British had the most Casualities.
One of the largest engagement of the war of independance.
Ireland was split.
The Counties Britain would have were (FATDAD).
Down
Armagh
Derry
Tyrone
Antrim
Fermanagh
Pictures made news and Irish Diaspora were very angry.
The king was very angry.
They embarresed British Government
The Black and tans angry and retalliated by burning down Cork City Centre.
They were not caught
IRA outside Barracks and attempt Ambush
Subtopic
1 Week after bloody Sunday.
This soon made international news.
They stopped the convey and killed 17 people.
Tom Barry planned ambush
The Auxilliers were brutall to west Cork Natives.
This was very Bad publicity for the British Empire.
The King was getting very angry as it was making people turn on Britain.
Dick Mckee and Peader Clancy were arrested.
they left coffins open so people walking past saw what happened
Their bodies were mutilated
They were shot trying to escape.
Black and tans open fired on Croke park.
And shot 26 people.
Collins finds the British intelligences adresses
And the squad kill 12 of them.
Even The Pope got ivolved and asked British not to Hang Kevin Barry.
This angered many Irish Diaspora.
Put Pressure on British empire.
He was only 18 and hanged.
Collins was going to break him out but there was Women outside praying so he didnt because there would be too many deaths.
He was arrested and sentenced to death.
His hunger strike took so long that it made the British empire look very bad.
It put a lot of pressure on British government.
Dies due to hunger strike in Brixton Prison, London, after 74 days.
The new Lord Mayor of Cork after MacCurtin.
They shot him on front of his own family.
Lord mayor of Cork.
