Jeremy Harmer

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Deductive

It is based on the presentation of general concepts or universal rules to students, followed by the application of those concepts in specific examples or cases. In this approach, students receive general information and then use logic and reasoning to apply it in particular situations.

Example: Topic: Language General principle: Nouns in English can be countable or uncountable. Activity: The teacher introduces the general principle and provides examples of countable and uncountable nouns. Students should identify and classify nouns into additional examples, applying the general principle to determine whether they are countable or uncountable.

Inductive

Also known as inductive reasoning, is a method of logical reasoning in which specific observations or particular cases are used to reach a general conclusion

Example: the collection of data on the relationship between education level and income. From this observation, it can be concluded that "people with a higher level of education tend to have higher incomes"

Jeremy Harmer

Teaching the Language System

Discourse

The ways in which lenguage is used

Pronunciation

The way the words spoken

Vocabulary

Words and phrases

Grammar

Rules and patterns