cell structure and function

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nervous tissue

synapses

post synaptic membrane

synaptic cleft - space between

pre synaptic membrane

neurons

non-myelinated

no myelin sheath

nerve impulse is slower

myelinated

insulated

increased speed

imbalances of chemicals

depression

antidepressant medication makes the neurotransmitters more active for the production

caused by a decrease in production of serotonin

Parkinson's

L-Dopa tablet treatment (pre-curser to dopamine), can pass the BBB, enzymes turn it into dopamine.

caused by a lack of dopamine - body not able to communicate with the brain, causes you to shake

action potentials

depolarise (sodium+ in), repolarise (potassium+ out), hyperpolarise, resting potential

caused by a depolarising current

when a stimuli cause depolarisation past the threshold

an explosion of electrical activity

tissue structure and function

twitch muscle

epithelial tissue

found?

skin

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

alveoli

COPD - airway become inflamed, cant get oxygen into tissue, can destroy alveoli

gas exchange

simple squamous epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium in lungs

lining hollow organs

categorisation

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

simple, stratified, pseudostratified. transitional

muscle tissue and fibres

smooth

lines blood vessels

not striated

cardiac

involuntary

1 nucleus per cell

skeletal

mainly voluntary, makes you move

multiple nuclei

striated

endothelial tissue

atherosclerosis

can cause a stroke

lining of the veins and arteries become thicker and harder

plaque

lines veins and arteries

specialized cells

egg cells

first polar body - unwanted chromosomes

zona pellucida - prevents polyspermy

corona radiata - supplies protein

plasma membrane - provides protection

red blood cells

contains haemoglobin

no nucleus

biconcave shape

sperm cells

flagellum - helps with movement

centrioles - detaches head from tail

mitochondria - provides energy

acrosome - releases enzymes to break membrane of egg

root hair cells

contain lots of mitochondria to release energy used for active transport

long root hair for extra surface area to absorb water

white blood cells

monocyte

takes part in immunity

largest

eosinophil

combat particles

bi-lobed

basophil

fights germs

help detect and destroy cancer

lymphocytes

produce antibodies

found in lymph nodes

phagocyte

can move easily to sites of infection

engulfs pathogens and foreign particles

palisade cells

face leaf's upper surface

packed with chloroplast

fit tightly together

adapted to absorb light more efficiently

gram staining

gram -

harder to kill

extra outer memrane

pink

gram +

thicker peptidoglycan layer

violet

steps

safranin

decolouriser (alcohol)

grams iodine

crystal violet

calculations

size = mag / image

magnification - image / actual

organelles

plant cells

chloroplast - contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

vacuole - help with waste and maintaining water

cell wall - provides protection

same as animal but also:

animal cells

cell membrane - regulates materials entering and exiting

ribosomes - acts as a messenger

vesicles - transport everything and remove waste

golgi apparatus - helps process the protein and fat

smooth and rough ER - transporting protein and fat

mitochondria - generate ATP

nucleus - store DNA

cell types

eukaryotes - true nucleus

animal and plant

prokaryotes - no true nucleus

bacteria

cell theory

cells are a fundamental unit of structure

everything comes from cells

everything is made of cells