Cell Structure

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The Local Environment

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Cell Structure, Function and Organisation

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Biological Molecules

Lipids

Phospholipids

1 phosphate group

2 fatty acids

Triglycerides

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

Proteins

made from the monomers amino acids

Amino Acids

good pH buffer

Soluble in water

Carbohydrates

Polymers of Sugars

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Subtopic

Glycogen

An energy store

Highly branched

Starch

Amylopectin

chain

branched

Amylose

helical structure

unbranched

Disaccharides

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Monosaccharides

Hexose (6C)

Glucose

Fructose

Pentose (5C)

Ribose

Triose (3C)

Two membranes

Nucleus

A single membrane

Vacuole

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Lacking a boundary membrane

Cell Structure

A microorganism is an organism so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye.

Microorganisms can be harmful and useful organisms.

Plasmodesmata

Facilitate communication and transport of materials

Acts as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges

Cell Wall

Gives cell a definite shape

Prevents cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis

(Cell Surface/Plasma) Membrane

Helps cells attach to one another

Cell Adhesion

Folded to form microvilli

Protein acts as receptor site

Form recognition site

Controls exchange of substances

Microtubules

Make up cytoskeleton

Maintain cell shape

Form spindle fibres during nuclear division

Centrioles

Form centrosome

Lysosomes

Harmful microorganisms include fungi, bacteria, protozoa, etc.

They cause several diseases in human beings, animals, and plants, which can even lead to death.

The harmful microorganisms not only can damage the human body, but also the food we eat.

Digest material ingested

Give examples of how the spread of harmful organisms can be prevented.

By phagocytic cells

Autolysis

Breakdown of unwanted/worn out organelles

Give examples of how harmful organisms can spread.

Golgi (Body/Apparatus/Complex)

Research about the main characteristics of the microorganisms and give examples!

Produces secretory enzyme

Transport, modifies, stores lipids

Modifications of Proteins

Form glycoproteins

Main topic

Vacuole (largest organelle in plant cells)

Regulate osmotic properties of cells

Tonoplast

Controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

Stores water, ions, pigments, enzymes, sugars, other organic compounds

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes lipids & steroids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Form transport vesicles

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Stroma

Granum

Thylakoids

Mitochondria

Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing, and in research.

Synthesis of ATP

Give examples of Microorganisms in food production.

Ribosomes

There are five types of microorganisms. Out of these five, four can be free-living or parasitic.

There is one that can be only parasitic since it always reproduces inside other living things.

After enumerating them, click on the flags below to mark the ones which can be free-living and the ones that cannot.

Sites of protein synthesis

Nucleus (largest organelle in animal cells)

Name the study of microorganisms.

Controls cell's activity

Nucleolus

Makes rRNA & ribosomes

Nucleus Envelope

Allow and control exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm