Categories: All - membranes - synthesis - photosynthesis - molecules

by Lim Tze You 3 years ago

194

Cell Structure

Cells contain various organelles with distinct functions, such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, each enclosed by membranes. Some organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, have single membranes, while others, like centrioles and ribosomes, lack boundary membranes.

Cell Structure

Biological Molecules

Lipids

Phospholipids
1 phosphate group
2 fatty acids
Triglycerides
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

Proteins

made from the monomers amino acids
Amino Acids

good pH buffer

Soluble in water

Carbohydrates

Polymers of Sugars
Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Subtopic

Glycogen

An energy store

Highly branched

Starch

Amylopectin

chain

branched

Amylose

helical structure

unbranched

Disaccharides

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Monosaccharides

Hexose (6C)

Glucose

Fructose

Pentose (5C)

Ribose

Triose (3C)

Two membranes

Nucleus

A single membrane

Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome

Lacking a boundary membrane

Cell Structure

A microorganism is an organism so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye.

Microorganisms can be harmful and useful organisms.

Plasmodesmata

Facilitate communication and transport of materials
Acts as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges

Cell Wall

Gives cell a definite shape
Prevents cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis

(Cell Surface/Plasma) Membrane

Helps cells attach to one another
Cell Adhesion
Folded to form microvilli
Protein acts as receptor site
Form recognition site
Controls exchange of substances

Microtubules

Make up cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape
Form spindle fibres during nuclear division

Centrioles

Form centrosome

Lysosomes

Harmful microorganisms include fungi, bacteria, protozoa, etc.

They cause several diseases in human beings, animals, and plants, which can even lead to death.

The harmful microorganisms not only can damage the human body, but also the food we eat.

Digest material ingested

Give examples of how the spread of harmful organisms can be prevented.

By phagocytic cells
Autolysis
Breakdown of unwanted/worn out organelles

Give examples of how harmful organisms can spread.

Golgi (Body/Apparatus/Complex)

Research about the main characteristics of the microorganisms and give examples!

Produces secretory enzyme
Transport, modifies, stores lipids
Modifications of Proteins
Form glycoproteins

Main topic

Vacuole (largest organelle in plant cells)

Regulate osmotic properties of cells
Tonoplast

Controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

Stores water, ions, pigments, enzymes, sugars, other organic compounds

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids & steroids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Form transport vesicles

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis
Stroma
Granum

Thylakoids

Mitochondria

Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing, and in research.

Synthesis of ATP

Give examples of Microorganisms in food production.

Ribosomes

There are five types of microorganisms. Out of these five, four can be free-living or parasitic.

There is one that can be only parasitic since it always reproduces inside other living things.

After enumerating them, click on the flags below to mark the ones which can be free-living and the ones that cannot.

can be free-living

only parasitic

Sites of protein synthesis

Nucleus (largest organelle in animal cells)

Name the study of microorganisms.

Controls cell's activity
Nucleolus

Makes rRNA & ribosomes

Nucleus Envelope

Allow and control exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm