Organic molecules concept map

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Macromolecues

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Unit 1: Biochemistry

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DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

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Digestion

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Dehydration synthesis: The process of joining two molecules together following the removal of water forming a larger molecule

Polymers: A long chain of subunits forming a molecular structure

Nucleic acids: Nucleotide chains that transfer and express genetic information, they are polymers of nucleotides

Proteins: Amino acid chains with a variety of functions such as transporting and are polymers of amino acids

Peptide bond: Links amino acids together to form peptides and polypeptides.

Amino acid: Has a central atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three other groups attached.

RNA: A nucleic acids present in all living cells that acts as a messenger carrying DNA instructions.

DNA: Self replicating material present in nearly all living organisms

Carbohydrates: Sugars that store energy such as starch or glycogen and are polymers of glucose. Carbs always have a 1:2:1 ration of carbon (1), hydrogen (2) and oxygen (1).

Disaccharide: Made up of two monosaccharides (e.g. maltose)

Monosaccharide: Contains between 3-7 carbon atoms (e.g. glucose)

Monomers: Single subunits (molecules) that can be attached to make polymers

Lipids: Consists of glycerol paired with fatty acids used for energy storage in cell membranes

A

Unsaturated fats: Have some double bonds between carbons leaving room for additional H atoms. They are liquid at room temp and have a plant source.

Saturated fats: No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms, therefore contain all possible H atoms. They are solid at room temp and come from an animal source.

Subunits: A single protein molecule that assembles with another protein molecule to form a protein complez

Hydrolysis: When water is added to a large molecule in order to break it down

Organic molecules: A molecule found in a living organism

Macromolecules: Relatively large complex organic molecules found in living organisms

Isomer: One of two or more compounds made of the same formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule

Enzymes: A substance produced by a living organism that serves as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

Inhibitors: A substance that slows down or stops a reaction within the body

Competitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that compete with the substrate trying to enter the active site in order to slow or shut down a reaction

Non-competitive inhibitors: An inhibitor that attaches to a site and forcibly changes the shape of an enzyme in order to shut or slow it down

Active site: A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein / substrate during a reaction

Induced fit: When the active site changes shape in order to fit the reacting substrate

Substrate: Molecules in the body that carry out certain functions or tasks

Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reactions

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