по Gudimetla Nirupama 13 дней назад
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domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
the most specific categorization; all members of a species share a common karyotype, morphology, and behavior
example: the genus lepus contain species from the leporidae family who are distinguished by their solitary lifestyles and larger size
example: all in felidae have flat faces, whiskers, large eyes & eyes, and round, flat faces
example: all in class 'rodent' are categorized by having incisors in the upper and lower jaws that continually grow
even more specific, categorizing based on similar traits. example: all in class amphibia have moist, smooth skin
more specific; divides organisms with visible morphological or evolutionary similarity
second broadest; prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
the broadest category; includes bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
the study of form and structure of organisms
based on characteristics such as
lacking a backbone
invertebrates
sponges
seasponge
echinoderms
brittle star
cnidarians
a jellyfish
worms
an earthworm
arthropods
a musquito
mollusks
a snail
having a backbone
known as
vertebrates
amphibians
a frog
reptiles
a komodo dragon
birds
a cardinal
mammals
a lion
symmetry
radial
symmetry radiates out from the centre of the starfish
when symmetry occurs out from a central axis
asymmetrical
a sponge lacking symmetry
a lack of symmetry in the body
bilateral
a butterfly with bilateral symmetry
one side mirroring the other
utilized by
Carolus Linneaus
who came up with
the system of bionominal nomenclature
common name vs binomial name of the tiger
species
genus
which is
the study of form and structure of organisms
the study of naming, identifying, and classifying species
eukaryotes
animalia
is divided into 8 major phyla, including
chordata
tiger
different organs for gas exchange
gills for aquatic species
lungs for terrestial species
nervous system with dorsal nerve cord
Echinodermata
with
blue sea star
extracellular digestive system; two openings
gas exchange
eyespots located at the arms' tips
nerve ring
symmetry which is
radial as adult
bilateral as larvae
Arthropoda
silverfish
extracellular digestive system
Tracheal system
which may consist of
gills in aquatic species
spiracles & tracheal tubes
open circulatory system
blood-covered organs
brain & ventral nerve cords
mollusca
orange slug
extracellular digestive system
mantle cavity
containing
gills or lungs
closed circulatory system
large brain
bilateral symmetry
mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
annelida
leech
mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
extracellular digestive system
two openings
moist skin
absorption of oxygen
closed circulatory system
dorsal and ventral blood vessels
5 pairs of aortic arches
brain, ventral nerve chord, and peripheral ganglia
coelum
platyhelminthes
tapeworm
three germ layers
mesoderm
closed pouch with one opening
simple excretory system
supported by
flame cells
cephalization
concentration of nerve cells at the end of the head
bilateral symmetry
cnidaria
reproduction via
producing fertilized eggs
budding
tentacles
to catch food
two body forms
motile medusa
tentacles & mouth at the bottom
immortal jellyfish
sessile polyp
bubble coral
tentacles and mouth at the top
non-moving
two germ layers
ectoderm
endoderm
to
obtain oxygen
gastrovascular cavity
for
digestion
transporting nutrients
simple nerve net
no coelum
radial symmetry
porifera
sea sponge
reproduce via
sexual means
dispensing eggs and sperm into water
asexual means
a piece of sponge that had broken off, which can grow into a new organism
buds
an asexually produced mass of cells that can grow into a new organism
lack germ layers
has intracellular digestion with single opening
digestion occurs at a cellular level
obtains oxygen via
circulates nutrients via
diffusion
lack a coelum
lack nerve tissue
are non-symmetrical
plantae
which include
angiosperms
whose structure appears as such
which can reproduce
cross pollination
which one pollen from one plant fertilizers an egg in another plant via means of seeed dispersal
self pollination
in which pollen from one plant is used to fertilize an egg cell in the same plant
spore formation
vegetative propagation
dicots
floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
ringed vascular bundles
netted veins
two cotyledons
leaf that protects the embryo
monocots
scattered vascular bundles
which have
flower parts in multiples of 3
fibrous root system
paralell veins
one cotyledon
leaf that protects the embryo
coniferae
cedar
white pine
who reproduce via
cones
pollination occurs when
pollen transfers from a male cone to a female cone, producing a diploid zygote
males
contain male spores which become male gametophytes, containing pollen surrounding by cells
females
in which female spores become female gametophytes, which produce eggs
whose structure consists
leaves, which can be
scale like
needle like
classified as
gymnosperms - non-flowering seed plants
filincineae
in which examples include
eagle ferns
whose lifecycle consists
gametophyte
sporophyte
reproducing with sporangia, a capsule in which spores are formed
phloem
phloem
tissues to transport water and food to other phloem
tracheophytes
in which examples include
potato
corn
whose lifecycle consists
seedbearing generation
seedless generation
xylem
tissues to transport water and food to other tissues
called phloem
tissues that transport sugars and proteins throughout the plant
bryophytes
in which examples include
moss
whose life cycle consists
haploid gametophyte generation
in which haploid spores divide via mitosis to form gametes
diploid sporophyte generation
in which they produce spores
small reproductive parts dispersed via the wind
a lack of
stems
roots
leaves
fungi
whose structure comprises
hyphae
which forms
mycellium
an interwoven mat of hyphae under the ground
accessibility to food, by increasing its contact to sources of nourishment
thin threads of cytoplasm enclosed in a layer of plasma membrane
covered by
cell walls with chitin, a sturdy and flexible chemical compound
with
spores in between
which allows for
distribution of nutrients across the body
whose major phyla include
chytridomycota
ar
flagellated spores
Ascomycota
black knot
asci, which are sacs with sexual spores
Basidiomycota
fly amanita
a basidium, which is a club shaped cell with sexual spores
Zygomycota
examples
bread mold (a) and its sporangia tips
which reproduce via
sexual spores, able to withstand extensive periods of cold or dry conditons
protists
which may reproduce
sexually
fusing haploid gametes
asexually
via
asexual spores
fragmentation
binary fission
plant like
different from plants because
unlike most plants, lack roots, seeds, and flowers
they can be multicellular OR unicellular
similar to plants due to
the presence of chloroplasts
an organelle that allows for growth using light energy
multicellular
ex. seaweed
single celled
ex. diatoms
animal like
which are
different from animals due to the fact that they are
unicellular, unlike animals
similar to animals due to
an ability to move
and they can have
pseudopodia
cellular extensions made of cytoplasm, allows for movement in desired direction
translates to "false feet"
cilia
small hairlike organelles that can allow for a swimming type of motion
heterotrophic lifestyle
cannot make their own food; subsist on eating matter surrounding them
such as
paramecium
amoeba
fungus like
which are
similar to fungi because
producers of spores
they feed on decaying matter
prokaryotes
monera
including two genera
archaebacteria
often described as
extremophiles
consisting of
acidophiles
archaea that live in acidic environments
halophiles
archaea that live in environments with high amounts of salt
methanogens
archaea that live in environments without oxygen
thermophiles
archaea that live in environments with temperature over 45 degrees
can be aerobic
capable of methanogenesis
metabolic process that results in the formation of methane
cube, pyramidal, stars, etc.
plates, some without cell walls
cell walls lack peptidoglycan
eubacteria
which can be
tested for gram negativity/positivity with
gram staining
crystal violet dye is applied to the cell wall
negative doesn't retain the dye, turns pink
positive retains the purple dye
gram negative
layer of peptidoglycan is thin
gram positive
layer of peptidoglycan is thick
means of reproduction include
endospores
a bacteria that can withstand long periods in unfavorable conditions
a wall like structure forms around them to build resistance
and
regenerates upon return of favorable condtions
transformation
in which the cell receives fragments of DNA from another cell
conjugation
in which two cells can exchange DNA, using plasmid rings that contain DNA
binary fission
the cell elongates and a septum is formed, from which the cell splits
living conditions
can be anaerobic
capable of living in environments without oxygen
methods of nutrition
capable of photosynthesis
conversion of light energy into usable energy for the bacteria
autotrophic
heterotrophic
morphology
shapes can include
cube, pyramidal, stars, etc.
cell walls with peptidoglycan
an envelop that protects the membrane
loss of water availability
due to increased drought, water becomes even more scarce in warm environments
extreme weather
increasing frequency of ice storms, droughts, and floods
drastically affects biodiversity levels at rapid rates
species migration
animals will migrate to areas with climates suitable to their needs, which changes the balance of both their previous and new environment
disease outbreak
insects, who are quick to adapt to new climates, will have more human contact
leading to outbreaks of
SARS, H1N1, and other diseases spread to humans by insects
zebra mussels
which reproduce at a faster rate than native mussels
lack natural predators
some areas have over a million mussels per square metre
can lower oxygen levels in the waters
caused by
discharge of ballast water in 1988
non-native species are introduced to an ecosystem
native species being competed against for food and other resources
native species being preyed upon by invaders
causing
changes in the populations of organisms in the ecosystem, creating imbalance
pesticide usage
which refers to
the use of toxic chemicals in order to repel unwanted species
pesticide runoff
pesticides reach bodies of water, thus affecting the species that inhabit the water
risking the population of non-targeted species
example
bee populations are decreasing - one factor is the use of pesticides in the flowers that they pollinate
increased difficulty of reproduction for flowering plants
scarcity of diet staples for species that consume flowering plants
coal for electricity generation
which causes emissions of
sulfur dioxide & mercury
acid rain
alters pH levels of various habitats, such as water, soil,
habitats
done via
deforestation
a process in which forests are massively cleared
which leads to
habitat loss
in which animals lose access to the resources that they need to survive
in order to
make space for construction and resource extraction
animals
done via hunting/fishing, with examples such as
the extinction of steller's sea cows
a marine mammal that went extinct in the 18th century
due to
exploitation of their fur, fat, and meat
shark finning
a barbaric practice in which shark are caught, have their fins cut, and then are released back into the ocean
which
threatens the survival of sharks, which are endangered
viruses
for example
bird flu
which affects respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems
can affect not only birds, but other animals, including humans
who may reproduce via
lysogenic cycle
virus incorporates its DNA into the chromosome of the bacteria
when the cell reproduces, the viral DNA is reproduced as well
lytic cycle
in which
the bacteriophage (bacterial attacking virus) attaches to the host cell, infiltrating it with viral DNA
the host cell is forced to make copies of the viral DNA and assemble viral proteins
once enough copies are there, the cell bursts, and thus new viruses are released and infect more cells
whose structure consists
tail fibres
which puncture bacteria
nucleic acid
a small piece of either RNA or DNA
protein coat
with patterns able to that enable into a host cell
considered non-living because
unlike living organisms, they cannot reproduce on their own
